Reform and Reconstruction Ch. 21-23

1. Reform and Reconstruction Ch. 21-23

2. Essential Questions What were the Political condi-tions in SC after Reconstruction? What were the economic conditions after Reconstruction? How did the Populist movement under Ben Tillman’s leadership affect SC? How was SC affected by natural disasters and war in the years following Reconstruction? What were the causes for shifts in migration and immigration patterns within SC and the US? What changes in agriculture and industry occurred in the late 19th century? How did the Constitution of 1895 affect race relations in SC?

3. Aimed at making production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages illegal. Gained momentum in SC during the late 1800’s, and helped to bring about the Progressive Movement of the early 20th Century. Temperance Movement

4. Movement aimed at defending a certain group’s right to vote. Women’s suffrage movement (late 1800’s women could still not vote. Began after Civil War Became one of the key issues of the Progressive Movement in early 20th century (1900’s) Suffrage Movement

6. “Redeemers” or “Bourbons” • Supporters of Wade Hampton • Claimed Wade Hampton had freed SC from the fraud and dishonesty of the Republican Party during Reconstruction.

7. Referenced a monarch family that had rulled France before and after French Revolution. Purpose of French Revolution was to rid the nation of the monarch. Cause was forgotten when Bourbon Family put back into power. Critics of Wade Hampton claimed that, like the French, he had forgotten his original purpose and was making the same mistakes all over again. Allowed white supremist ideas to rise again. “Bourbon Politics”

8. SC Economy Late 19th Century

9. Creation of facilities designed to manufacture and transport goods. Prior to Civil War, SC focused very little on industrial development. South Concentrated on agriculture Late 19th century times changing and prominent textile industry began to form in SC. Industrial Development

10. Manufacturing • Many argue that this is the future of SC. • Most South Carolinians refuse to let go of there agricultural roots and focus on industrialization.

11. Textile Industry • This form of industrialization caught on in SC, especially in the Upstate. • Textile industry would continue to thrive as the 19th century comes to a close. (1800’s) • In the early 1800s, cotton was raised in the southern United States and exported to mills in England and the north.  Leaders such as William Gregg of South Carolina advocated a home-based textile industry for the south but the time was not right.  Northern mills resisted to growth of mills outside New England.  Textile machinery was built in New England, New Jersey and imported from Europe.

12. Gilreath Mill, SC • . Textile mills were very popular in the USA during the 19th century. During the Industrial Revolution the making of thread, yarn and cloth was almost completely mechanized. This textile mill has long since been abandoned.

13. Famous southern textile mill that produced cloth from raw cotton. In 1881 the cotton mill began a 12-building mill complex that employed thousands of workers. It was one of the largest textile mills in the southeast.

17. Remains the backbone of SC’s economy in the late 1800’s. Many struggle with falling cotton prices and new farming techniques. (SC farmers have had trouble keeping up with technology.) Agriculture

18. Tourism • Too expensive for people to travel to the beaches of SC • Few roads or railways to get people there

19. Populist Movement and Ben Tillman

20. Benjamin Tillman • Benjamin R. Tillman, U.S. Senator from South Carolina (1847-1918) • Born in South Carolina on 11 August 1847. • He enlisted in the Confederate Army in June 1864 but left the service due to illness. • Beginning in 1869 he was an active and successful farmer and was also deeply involved in often forceful measures to thwart the goals of southern Reconstruction. • During the 1880s, he became the most powerful politician in the state and was Governor in 1890-1894. • He was then elected to the United States Senate. • He championed agricultural interests and Southern racial policies. • Nicknamed “Pitchfork” Ben when he became a spokesman for the small farmer, a struggling group at the time. • Established agricultural curriculum at state colleges (Clemson).

21. Began in the 1890’s Aimed at helping the “little man” (felt as though they were being held down by the privileged elite) Fueled by poor, white farmers and their leader, Benjamin Tillman. Populist Movement

22. Educational institutions created on donated land Funded by the state Late 19th century, increased the quality of public education in SC Helped the state find ways to combine agriculture and industry. Land Grant Colleges

23. Constitution of 1895

24. Constitution of 1895 • Instigated by Tillman • Wanted to be sure that the black majority did not provide political support • Established a literacy test for voting by requiring that voters be able to read and interpret the United States Constitution. • Require Poll Tax be paid six months before the election. • Poor, illiterate white voters were protected by the “grandfather clause” (if grandfathers voted) • Separate schools for black and white children • Jim Crow Laws passed which set social segregation into law. • Impacted African Americans for next six decades.

25. Lynchings-Result of Const. 1895 • Practice of killing a person without due process of law. • Usually done by an agry mob. • Tensions in SC grew in late 1800’s and more African Americans became almost commonplace. • Political leaders did very little to punish those who were involved in lynchings or race riots.

26. Jim Crow Laws

27. Jim Crow Laws • Laws that restrict African Americans • Extremely common in the South during the late 1800’s (remained until the Civil Rights Movement of 1960’s) • Term “Jim Crow” was the name of a popular African American character in an 1828 minstrel show.

28. African Americans had to attend different schools. African Americans had to use different facilities. African Americans were not given equal protection by the laws or courts. African americans were discouraged from voting (literacy tests, and poll taxes) Examples of Jim Crow Laws

29. Think About It!!! • What is the event or issue that inspired this political cartoon? • Are there symbols in the cartoon? What do they represent? • What kinds of ideas are included in political cartoons? • Are there people in the cartoon? Who are they, and what do they represent? • What is the subject of the cartoon? • What is the cartoonist's opinion on the subject? • What is the objective of a political cartoon?

30. Placed badge of inferiority on African Americans Laws proved that African Americans were not considered “equal” No public school or any other segretated facility was ever actually equal. Federal courts supported racists views by ruling in favor of segregation. Problems“Separate but Equal” Policies

31. “Now I ain’t so sure I want to get a public education!” • What does this political cartoon tell you about the feelings of both the African Americans and the White Americans?

32. African American South Carolinians protested their exclusion from public life. Violence, intimidation and lynchings by white terrorists effectively silenced them. RESULTS

33. MIGRATION

34. Migration • Purpose: Many left farms to work in textile mills as agriculture declined. • Advantages: • more conveniences nearby • easier to move frequently • and find available housing • if renting, maintenance and • repairs are included • plenty of neighbors • public school access easier

35. Migration (Cont.) Advantages of Living in Rural Area • Lower property costs • More solitude and privacy • Easier to own a house rather than rent • Taxes usually lower • There is usually a more secure feeling of safety

36. Migration (Cont.) Below list some of the disadvantages of living in the Urban Areas and disadvantages of living in a rural area.

37. Westward Expansion

38. Reasons to Head West • Seek out a fortune (gold, silver, and other untapped resources) • Be among the first to claim property in the West. • Have an adventure • Escape difficult life in the east. • Avoid “missing out” on what everyone else was doing • See if rumors are true about the lush valleys, gold covered hills, and warm weather year round.

39. WESTWARD EXPANSION

40. Immigration • The act of leaving one country to permanently live in another. • Reasons to immigrate to United States: • US became known as “land of opportunity. • Free land offered by US Govt. (Homestead • Act)

41. NATURAL DISASTERS

42. Natural Disasters • Charleston Earthquake of 1886 -Estimated that the earthquake measured about 7 on the Richter Scale. Nearly every building in the city suffered some degree of structural damage. Dozens of people were killed instantly. Still remains the strongest earthquake ever to hit the southeastern United States. • Hurricane of 1893 – Hit directly on Charleston in 1893. Over 1,500 killed. Millions of dollars in damage done to structures. This hurricane had no name because the tradition of naming hurricanes did not begin until 60 years later.

43. "St. Michael's Church, Charleston, from N.W." St. Michael's Episcopal church, the oldest existing church edifice in Charleston, viewed several weeks after the great earthquake as efforts were under way to repair and refurbish it. A discerning person today can still detect the earthquake fractures in the building's walls despite the wonderful cosmetic "surgery" of recent years. (South Caroliniana Library Archives)

44. Medical College of South Carolina- 1886(South Caroliniana Library Archives)

45. Captain Carsten Vose?s inn and residence in Summerville was split open after the rear piers were crushed by the 1886 earthquake.

46. An unidentified man stands amid wreckage from the August 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane that left 30,000 men, women and children homeless on the barrier islands of South Carolina and Georgia. Clara Barton set up headquarters in an old warehouse in Beaufort and remained to oversee the aid effort for nine months. Hurricane of 1893

47. AT WAR AGAIN

48. SPANISH - AMERICAN WAR

50. A conflict in 1898 that focused on Cuba and other Spanish colonies. Newspapers in America began reporting that Spanish colonists were abusing the Cuban natives, which infuriated the American public. The United States declared war against Spain (after the battleship USS Maine was mysteriously sunk in Cuba) and eventually took control of most of Spain’s colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific. What is Spanish-American War?