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Moral Reasoning Ethical Judgments. Characteristics of Kohlberg’s Stages. Considered a “hard” stage model, much like Piaget and Fowler Structure Criterion (consistent in thinking) Sequence Criterion (specified order)
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Characteristics of Kohlberg’s Stages • Considered a “hard” stage model, much like Piaget and Fowler • Structure Criterion (consistent in thinking) • Sequence Criterion (specified order) • Hierarchy Criterion (each stage is more developed/complex than the previous one)
Kohlberg and Rest • Kohlberg’s theory is limited only to structures of moral reasoning • Rest stressed moral behavior of which moral reasoning is only one component • Rest identified 4 components to moral behavior: • Moral Sensitivity • Moral Reasoning • Moral Motivation • Moral Action
Conditions FacilitatingMoral Development • Kohlberg argued that moral development required both cognitive development and social perspective taking • Two factors contribute to moral development: • Exposure to higher-stage thinking • Disequilibrium (i.e. cognitive conflict)
Carol Gilligan • Graduate student of Kohlberg at Harvard • Critical of Kohlberg’s work at his model was based only on the study of men, but had been applied to both men and women • Critical of Kohlberg’s rejection of ethical neutrality and cultural relativism • In A Different Voice (1982) • Care Voice vs. Justice Voice
Justice vs. Care • Kohlberg held that people made meaning of their world by understanding rights and rules. • This perspective was based upon his philosophical background in Enlightenment Philosophy and his experience during WWII on a ship that smuggled Jews out of Europe • Gilligan held that women differed from Kohlberg’s assumptions in that they made meaning through relationships and attachment to others. • Gilligan has been criticized by both traditional psychologists and philosophers, as well as certain segments of feminist movement (although she is praised by others).
Professional Ethics • While Kohlberg, Rest, and Gilligan provide a helpful lens in understanding student behavior (e.g. why residents will not tell officials who vandalized a resident hall lobby); they also help us to evaluate our own decision-making processes (e.g. decision to admit a student who doesn’t meet admission qualifications because parent is on the Board of Trustees)
ACPA Ethical Principles (2006) • Benefit Others • Promote Justice • Respect Autonomy • Be Faithful • Do No Harm • What Action Do You Take When The Principles Are in Conflict?
