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Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Ontario DLI Training April 12, 2005. Jillian Oderkirk and Shelley Crego. Data availability. Police data Criminal Courts (adult and youth) data Corrections (adult and youth) data Family law Victimization. Police data.

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Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

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  1. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Ontario DLI Training April 12, 2005 Jillian Oderkirk and Shelley Crego

  2. Data availability • Police data • Criminal Courts (adult and youth) data • Corrections (adult and youth) data • Family law • Victimization

  3. Police data • Aggregate Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey • Revised Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR2) Survey • Homicide Survey • Police Administration Survey

  4. Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) • Violent, property, drugs & other criminal code crime data (UCR) by police force, 1977-2003 • Incident-based data (UCR2) including: age & gender of victims & offenders, victim-accused relationships, level of injury, weapons involved and location of incident • Organized crime, gang activity, hate-motivated crimes, cyber crime and geocoded data will be collected on UCR2 beginning in January 2005 continued …

  5. Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) • Coverage • UCR coverage is 100% • UCR2 coverage in 2004-05 is over 60% of the national volume of crime – RCMP implementation will bring national coverage to 90% for Crime statistics in 2006 • Next release: Canadian Crime Statistics, 2004 scheduled for July 21, 2005

  6. Homicide Survey • Homicide Survey (1961-2003) • coverage is 100% • provides data such as methods, characteristics of incidents, age & gender of victims & accused, relationships between victim & accused, gang killings and alcohol/drug involvement • New questions added: “was the firearm recovered”, “was the victim pregnant”, we have added the distinction between being separated from a “legally-married spouse” and separated from a “common-law partner” • Next release: Homicide, 2004 scheduled for Fall 2005 (revised questions will be available for 2005 Homicide data release in 2006)

  7. Police Resources Survey • Police Resources Survey (1962-2003) • coverage is 100% • collects summary data on # of police officers, clearances rates, expenditure data, police to population ratios and gender breakdowns • Next release: Police Resources in Canada, 2005 scheduled for December 2005

  8. Adult Criminal & Youth Court Surveys • Adult Court Survey (ACCS) • coverage 90% (missing Manitoba, NWT, NT and Quebec municipal courts) • collects case characteristics and caseload data relating to dispositions of criminal cases • next release: Fall of 2005-06 • Youth Court Survey (YCS) • coverage 100% • collects information on Criminal Code and federal statute charges, and caseload and case characteristics • New Integrated Criminal Court Survey (ICCS) will allow a historical time series allowing pre- and post-sentence appearances, (ex. applications for dangerous or long-term offender designations and analysis of sentences associated with Youth Criminal Justice Act sentences.

  9. Correctional Services (adult and youth) • New Integrated Correctional Services Survey (ICSS) • Coverage – survey implementation is underway in half of all jurisdictions. • ICSS will collect micro (person-based) data on individuals under care of Correctional Services • longitudinal in nature – permits individuals’ history with Corrections • looks at recidivism, prior involvement, substance abuse, mental health issues, offender risk classification and socio demographic characteristics • Reports – 2 analytical projects are planned, the first examining adult re-admissions (in Saskatchewan) over 5 years. The 2nd report will examine outcomes of community corrections including breaches of conditions and post-release re-involvement in corrections. Possible to understand how outcomes of community corrections compare with sentences of imprisonment.

  10. Family and Civil Law Program • Civil Court Survey • development of an ongoing database of all family law cases in civil courts through the Civil Court Survey • data on family court cases will improve knowledge of custody and access arrangements and family court processes and outcomes including implications for the children involved • Survey of Maintenance Enforcement Programs • microdata survey will provide information on the extent to which families benefit from the programs, child support awards and compliance with support orders

  11. Integration and Analysis Program • I & A program integrates data from a variety of surveys (GSS, UCR, Homicide) then undertakes developmental projects • There are two surveys run by I&A: • Transition Home Survey - distributed across Canada to all agencies that provide residential services to abused women. Victim Services Survey - to provide a profile of service agencies, including the services offered, and some insight into the clients who use them. • Family Violence in Canada • next release scheduled for July 2005 – this publication is free from the Statistics Canada website continued …

  12. Integration and Analysis Program • General Social Survey (GSS) • high level rates of victimization • public perception of criminal justice system • perception of personal safety • measures to secure their safety • trends 1993, 1999 & 2004 • next release scheduled for June 2005 (cycle 18) • DLI - Public Use Microdata files will be available • RDCs – all analytical files will be available • New • stalking • social disorder • youths taking over abandoned buildings • drugs

  13. Miscellaneous • Aside from all of the Beyond 20/20 data tables that are provided to the DLI, a substantial amount of information is available for free from the Canadian Statistics portion on the STC site. As well, under Products and Services, you can find an assortment of free publications to download. • The Centre provides all Beyond 20/20 data tables to the DLI on release day and the DLI in turn send out a notice once its posted on the DLI server • Any questions on data or interpretations should be directed to the Information and Client Service Unit at ccjsccsj@statcan.caor to 1-800-387-2231

  14. Framework objectives • Promote a better understanding of factors influencing outcomes such as crime, victimisation and re-offending, and reasons for their occurrence • Incorporate individual, family and community influences and contexts which affect encounters with the justice system • Take into account both justice and partner system interventions (education, social-welfare and health sectors) • Provide a broad “lens” to assess priorities for information development to promote evidence-based policy development

  15. Microdata is key to understanding system interventions and outcomes Microdata or person-based data: • Highlights characteristics of people in contact with the justice system (potentially significant factors) • Essential for tracing people through the system • Key to understanding both outcomes and factors that might influence them • Responsive to unanticipated information needs

  16. Examining criminal pathways through administrative data

  17. National microdata surveys - progress % National Coverage Achieved: 1998 2000 Today Crime (UCR2) 48 53 61 Adult Courts 80 80 90 Youth Courts 100 (since 1992) Correctional Services - - 6* New surveys under development: Civil Courts MaintenanceEnforcement *Corrections microdata implemented for adults in Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador

  18. Applying the data framework Operational Plan for 2004/05 (current) • Criminal career development • Neighbourhood crime • Readmission to correctional services • Sentencing in cases of family violence Operational Plan for 2005/06 (proposed) • Fear of crime, social capital and social cohesion • Group crime and criminal networks

  19. Project 1. Criminal career development (current) • Which youth persist in committing crime or progress to more serious forms of offending as they age? • What factors in a young person’s background and life experience increase risk of or protect from delinquency and offending?

  20. Delinquent behaviour and its severity increases with age for boys and girls Data source: 1996/97 and 1998/99 NLSCY, cross-sectional samples.

  21. Project 2. Neighbourhood crime(current) • How are different types of crime distributed across cities? • What factors are associated with neighbourhood crime? • How does neighbourhood crime compare across major cities? • Which neighbourhoods have low crime despite other risk factors?

  22. The distribution of violent incidents by neighbourhood, Winnipeg, 2001

  23. The distribution of property incidents by neighbourhood, Winnipeg, 2001

  24. Levels of Socio-economic disadvantage in neighbourhoods, Winnipeg, 2001

  25. Neighbourhood characteristics and crime in Winnipeg Factors associated with neighbourhood crime • Socio-economic disadvantage • Condition of housing • Land use

  26. Project 3. Readmission to correctional services (current) • Who returns to correctional services after release? To which programs are people returning? • Who breaches sentence conditions, probation conditions or conditional sentences? • Are there differences by previous criminal history, risk/needs profile, programming, or personal characteristics such as sex, aboriginal status or previous employment?

  27. Readmission to correctional services, Saskatchewan adults Note: N= 6,385 total releases (709 Aboriginal females, 3,523 Aboriginal males, 210 non-Aboriginal females, 1,943 non-Aboriginal males) Source: Integrated Correctional Services Survey, CCJS

  28. Readmission to correctional services, Saskatchewan adults - 2 Note: N = 6,388 total releases (1,852 Aboriginal 18-28; 2,383 Aboriginal >28; 785 Non-Aboriginal 18-28; 1,368 Non-Aboriginal >28); age = age at the time release (completion of all correctional supervision) prior to readmission. Source: Integrated Correctional Services Survey, CCJS

  29. Project 4. Sentencing in cases of family violence (current) • How do police practices of zero tolerance play out in terms of court sentencing? • Does the level of injury influence the sentence and in what way? • How does the charge submitted to the court compare with the original police charge? • Are there systematic differences in the characteristics of certain violent incidents that are more likely to result in a reduced charge? • How do outcomes of family violence cases processed through family violence courts compare with those processed through other provincial courts?

  30. Offenders convicted of most forms of spousal violence are less likely to receive prison than other violent offenders 1. This demonstration study excludes all cases with multiple victims. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, UCR2-ACCS Demonstration Study of 18 court locations from 1997/98 to 2001/02.

  31. Project 5. Fear of crime, social capital and social cohesion (proposed) • What factors increase or decrease a person’s fear of crime and perception of their own safety? • What effect does the crime rate or police presence within a particular community have on an individual’s feelings of safety? • Are there other influences on fear of crime including quality and extent of a person’s social networks?

  32. Project 6. Group crime and criminal networks (proposed) • To what extent are there criminal groups and networks and what are their characteristics? • How persistent are these groups and where are they located? • What offences are they perpetrating? • How big is the problem in terms of overall crime, or share of more serious crime?

  33. Examples: Building onto short-term projects • What factors protect children and youth from developing delinquent behaviour or becoming a victim of crime? Why? • What neighbourhoods, whose characteristics place them at risk, have been successful in reducing crime? Why? • To what extent do people released from correctional services re-offend? Why?

  34. Examples: Exploring new directions • To what extent do partner system interventions in health, education and social services influence outcomes? Why? • What factors in individuals backgrounds and life experiences influence the likelihood of delinquency, offending or re-offending? Why? • How strong is the relationship between literacy and offending? What other factors contribute? Why? • To what extent are existing victims and offenders support, rehabilitation, reintegration and prevention programs successful in achieving their objectives? Why? • What is the impact of marital breakdown and subsequent dispute resolution services on outcomes for families and children? Why?

  35. The Future • Good progress has been made on the development of a framework. • Limits will be imposed by our collective ability to: • identify priorities and opportunities • plan them out • identify funding to expand data collection and data linkage • develop the analytic capacity to support it all

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