The Clash of (Scottish) Civilizations: Local Culture and National Identity

1. The Clash of (Scottish) Civilizations: Local Culture and National Identity Dr. Britt Cartrite Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict

3. Milestones in Scottish History • 843 AD: Kenneth MacAlpin “unites” Scots and Picts under his rule • 1296: Annexation of Scotland by England under Edward I • 1314: Battle of Bannockburn – Scottish independence restored under Robert Bruce • 1603: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England • 1638: National Covenant • 1707: Union of Parliaments

4. Scottish Ethnopolitical Activism • 1820: Celtic Society of Edinburgh • 1853: National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights; 1886: Scottish Home Rule Association • 1900: Young Scots Society; 1901: Scottish Patriotic Association; 1904: Scottish National League • 1926: Scottish Nationalist Movement; 1934: Scottish Party and SNM merge to form Scottish National Party (SNP)

5. Population and Population Density

6. Scottish Identity

7. General Election Votesfor the SNP

8. 1997 Referendum on Scottish Devolution

9. Referenda Yes Votes Question 1: I agree that there should be a Scottish Parliament Question 2: I agree that a Scottish Parliament should have tax-varying powers

10. From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism?

11. Common Fisheries Program

12. Lerwick Kirkwall Stromness Inverness Aberdeen Stonehaven Portree Stirling Edinburgh Glasgow Hawick

13. Dimensions of Scottish Identity:Languages • English

14. Dimensions of Scottish Identity:Languages • English • Gaelic

15. Gaelic Speakers

16. Dimensions of Scottish Identity:Languages • English • Gaelic • Scots

17. For auld lang syne, my dear, For auld lang syne, We'll tak a cup of kindness yet, For auld lang syne! Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And never brought to mind? Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And auld lang syne? And surely ye'll be your pint-stowp, And surely I'll be mine, And we'll tak a cup o kindness yet, For auld lang syne! We twa hae run about the braes, And pou'd the gowans fine, But we've wander'd monie a weary fit, Sin auld lang syne. We twa hae paidl'd in the burn Frae morning sun till dine, But seas between us braid hae roar'd Sin auld lang syne. And there's a hand my trusty fiere, And gie's a hand o thine, And we'll tak a right guid-willie waught, For auld lang syne. Auld Lang Syne

18. Dimensions of Scottish Identity:Languages • English • Gaelic • Scots • (Pictish) Doric

19. Dimensions of Scottish Identity:Religion • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic

20. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English

21. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic

22. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry

23. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard

24. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting

25. Dimensions of Scottish Identity: • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

26. Variations on Scottish Identity:Edinburgh • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

27. Variations on Scottish Identity:Stirling • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

28. Variations on Scottish Identity:Hawick • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

29. Variations on Scottish Identity:Stonehaven • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

30. Variations on Scottish Identity:Inverness • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

31. Variations on Scottish Identity:Portree • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

32. Variations on Scottish Identity:Glasgow • Gaelic • Scots • Doric • Anglican • Presbyterian • Catholic • Anti-English • Anti-Catholic • Tartanry • Kailyard • Crofting • Jacobitism

33. Variations on Scottish Identity:Shetland and Orkney • Invaded and populated by Vikings in the 8th century • Given to Scotland until the dowry for Queen Margaret could be raised • Scotland refuses the dowry payment, keeps the islands • Norn, a Scandinavian dialect, dies out in the late 18th century without being written down • Possibility of a “no” – “no” vote in the 1997 referendum raised questions of transferral to Westminster

34. Variations on Scottish Identity:Orkney • Norn • Lutheran • Anti-English • Anti-Scottish • Kailyard • Crofting • Scandanavian

35. Variations on Scottish Identity:Shetland • Norn • Lutheran • Anti-English • Anti-Scottish • Kailyard • Crofting • Scandanavian

36. Variations on Scottish Identity:Shetland • Norn • Lutheran • Anti-English • Anti-Scottish • Kailyard • Crofting • Scandanavian

37. Emergent Questions: • How do theories of ethnic identity formation account for Scottish heterogeneity? • How can the relative success of ethnopolitical mobilization in Scotland be explained, given this heterogeneity? • What explains the complacency regarding funding for Gaelic media and education, considering the low levels of Gaelic-speaking, as well as the relative paucity for demands for other language education and media?

38. Future Research Possibilities: • Replication of findings • Project linking findings to political questions • Shetlander / Orcadian mobilization