Please read this before using presentation

1. Please read this before using presentation • This presentation is based on content presented at the Mines Safety Roadshow held in October 2009 • It is made available for non-commercial use (e.g. toolbox meetings) subject to the condition that the PowerPoint is not altered without permission from Resources Safety • Supporting resources, such as brochures and posters, are available from Resources Safety • For resources, information or clarification, please contact: RSDComms@dmp.wa.gov.au or visit www.dmp.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety

2. Toolbox presentation Engaging people in the safety process Nodding off – what “rest” works

4. "Our society has valued people who brag about being able to function on very little sleep as a mark of someone who is aggressive, dynamic, successful.” Dr Neil Kavey, Director, Sleep Disorder Center, Columbia University Medical Center

6. Effects of fatigue onperformance and productivity Source: Extended working hours in Australia: counting the costs Department of Industrial Relations, Queensland, 2001 Ability to comprehend complex situations without distraction “…after one night of sleep deprivation, individuals lost attention during decision making to miniscule details that had no impact on the situation outcome.” Monitoring events and improving strategies “…subjects became distracted from critical tasks…and took longer on tasks that had been dealt with quickly before.”

7. Effects of fatigue onperformance and productivity (continued) Risk assessment and accurate prediction of consequences “…fatigued individuals are more likely to engage in risk taking behaviours.” Thinking laterally and being innovative “…innovative thinking and the generation of ideas showed obvious deterioration. These latter skills are essential in dealing with complex and unpredictable situations.”

8. Effects of fatigue onperformance and productivity (continued) Personal interest in the outcome “…a sense of futility interferes with the willingness to apply effort.” Controlling mood and behaviour “Mood states and behaviours, including lack of regard for normal social conventions, childish humour, impatience, irritability and inappropriate interpersonal behaviours have all been described…”

9. Effects of fatigue onperformance and productivity (continued) Monitoring personal performance “Sleep deprivation has been associated with an impairment of low-level tasks, including visual perception, vigilance, reaction time and mental arithmetic..” Recollection of timing of events “Sleep deprivation may confuse individuals when remembering serial ordering of facts, events, instructions, or encounters with colleagues.”

10. Effects of fatigue onperformance and productivity (continued) Effective communication “…during sleep deprivation, subjects dropped the intensity of their voice, paused for long intervals without apparent reason, enunciated very poorly or mumbled instructions inaudibly, mispronounced, slurred or ran words together and repeated themselves or lost their place in the sequence.” “…sleep deprivation was found to increase response reaction time to received messages in a setting of constant distraction.”

11. Percentage of people sleepingless than 6 hours (USA)

12. Percentage of people sleeping more than 8 hours (USA) Source: CNN.com/health, Why we're sleeping less,

13. Australian pattern of work Proportion of males working longer than 11 hours per day 1974 One in 18 ♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂ 1997 One in 8 ♂♂♂♂♂♂♂♂ Source: Michael Bittman & James Mahmud Rice, 2002, The spectre of overwork: an analysis of trends between 1974 and 1997 using Australian time-use diaries. Labour and Industry, vol. 12, No. 3, p. 5-25

14. Vol. 24, 1998 (Supplement 3) Accident risk as a function of hour at work and time of day as determined from accident data and exposure models for the German working population Method • Data on more than 1.2 million accidents in 1994, listed according to time of day and hours at work Result • Exponentially increasing accident risk observed beyond the 9th hour at work

16. 27 February 2001 Gary Hart’s leisure • 4.36 pm Mobile phone call, 1:23 hours • 8.25 pm Mobile phone call, 0:23 minutes • 9.25 pm Gary Hart sends text message • 9.48 pm Mobile phone call, 3:00 hours • 10.24 pm Logged on to internet, 5:34 hours • 4.13 am Woman's final text message

17. 28 February 2001 Gary Hart driving • 6:13 am:Gary Hart falls asleep while driving his Land Rover along M62 motorway • Vehicle runs down embankment onto southbound railway track • Hart makes emergency phone call from beside track when southbound passenger train collides at over 120 mph • Northbound freight train collides with first train • 10 dead, 82 injured

18. Lessons for mining industry • Intense work (e.g. complex tasks, time pressures, high responsibility) creates difficulty in “switching off” and unwinding, while shift work, situational constraints, low autonomy, and closely-regulated work tend to reduce individuals’ control over their work pace, and increase the effort required. • Under such conditions, there is a greater need for rest and recovery.

19. What is “rest” • Rest involves a break from work, but not doing nothing • A change of activity, and associated change in demands, may have an equally, or greater, beneficial effect. Source: Katharine R Parkes, “Offshore working time in relation to performance, health and safety.”

20. What is “rest” that works? Enjoyable social leisure activities Not “low effort” activities (watching TV) Physical activities facilitate recovery Work-related activity during leisure hours has a consistently negative effect Source: Katharine R Parkes, “Offshore working time in relation to performance, health and safety, A review of current practice and evidence.”

21. Australian leisure time -changes from 1997 to 2006 • Sleep 5 minutes less per day • Time spent eating and drinking decreased by 4 minutes a day (to 1 hour 29 minutes) Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 21.2.08

22. Australian leisure time:changes from 1997 to 2006 (continued) • Recreation and leisure decreased by 1:45 hours per week • 16:20 hours a week on audio or visual activities • 2:13 hours a week on sport and outdoor activity (decrease of nearly 1 hour) Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 21.2.08

23. Sleep quality Environmental factors Weather Noise Lighting Mattress …… Sleep disorders Intrinsic (arising from within the body) Extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions) Disturbances of circadian rhythm “Night person” vs “day person”

24. Where does “wellness at work” begin? • Before getting to work • Educate about healthy living Image source: www.sporttaranaki.org.nz

25. 10 messages to motivate sleep 1. Sleep keeps your heart healthy 2. Sleep may prevent cancer 3. Sleep reduces stress 4. Sleep reduces inflammation 5. Sleep makes you more alert Source: Mark Stibich, 2009, “Why sleep matters to you”, www.about.com

26. 10 messages to motivate sleep (continued) 6. Sleep bolsters your memory 7. Sleep may help you lose weight 8. Naps make you smarter 9. Sleep may reduce your risk for depression 10. Sleep helps the body make repairs

27. Guidance Working hours code of practice and guidelines www.dmp.wa.gov.au

28. Possible toolbox resources Dead tired – interview with Seanan Two-part documentary screened on SBS www.sbs.com.au • Healthy 25 year old • Black belt martial arts practitioner • High achiever, paramedic • Voluntarily had only 3 hours sleep per night • Interviewed on 5th day How many of the effects of fatigue discussed earlier can you recognise?

29. Possible toolbox resources (continued) Discussion topic Holistic approach to “wellness at work” Can an employer educate workforce not only about wellness at work but also wellness in life? What are some of the issues associated with this? If an employer did want to raise awareness of this subject, how might they go about it? 29

30. Possible toolbox resources (continued) Develop a fatigue management strategy Scenario You are managing the shutdown for refurbishing of a piece of equipment that is essential in the processing plant. Previously, the equipment has been offline for 48 hours during this procedure. How might you build fatigue management into the schedule? 30