New Observing Systems

1. New Observing Systems Meteo 415 – Fall 2009

2. Observing Systems • Satellites (GOES M and GOES R) • Argos – Measuring the Sea • Doppler Radar – Phase Array and Dual Polarized • Water Vapor by GPS attenuation • Mobile Surface Networks

3. Observing Systems Can you observe the challenge for this work crew?

4. Observing Systems • Weather Satellites

5. Observing Systems • GOES-R GOES-R includes a consolidated backup site. Improvements over current capabilities: Imager (ABI) - Improved resolution (4x), faster coverage (5X), more bands (2X) and more coverage simultaneously Lightning detection (GLM) - Continuous coverage of total lightning flash rate over land and water Solar/Space Monitoring (SUVI/EXIS/SEISS/MAG) - Better Imager (UV over X-Ray) and improved heavy ion detection, adds low energy electrons and protons Unique Payload Services - Higher Data Rates for Environmental Data Relay (GRB, EMWIN, LRIT, DCS); continued Search and Rescue (SARSAT)

6. Observing Systems

7. Current GOES Capabilities

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9. Observing Systems • ARGO – collaboration of 26 countries (US – half $) SLDMB = Self-Locating Datum Marker Buoys

10. Observing Systems Argo floats at a fixed pressure (usually around 1000m) for 10 days then descend to 2km for a few hours and then returns to the surface for a day to transmit data via satellite and then starts over again.

11. Observing Systems

12. Observing Systems • Phased Array Radar Multi-mission Phased-Array Radar (MPAR) The U.S. Government operates seven distinct radar networks, providing weather and aircraft surveillance for public weather services, air traffic control, and homeland defense. Because each network is dedicated to a single mission, there is a significant amount of overlapping coverage between them. By replacing all the networks with a single network of multi-mission phased-array radars (MPARs), it is possible to reduce the total number of radars required by approximately one-third. This streamlining of the nation’s ground-based weather and aircraft surveillance system could potentially save the Government billions of dollars over the lifetime of the radars.

13. Observing Systems The Seven Radar Networks operated by the Federal Government

14. Observing Systems • Dual Polarized Doppler The anticipated improvements of a Dual Polarized Doppler Radar: -Improved estimation of rain and snow rates. -Discrimination of hail from rain and possibly gauging hail size. -Identification of precipitation type in winter storms. -Identification of electrically active storms. -Identification of aircraft icing conditions.

15. Observing Systems On a Sears hairdryer -- Do not use while sleeping.

16. Observing Systems • Dual polarized Doppler Radar

17. Observing Systems Differential Reflectivity - The differential reflectivity is a ratio of the reflected horizontal and vertical power returns. Amongst other things, it is a good indicator of drop shape. In turn, the shape is a good estimate of average drop size. Correlation Coefficient - The correlation coefficient is a correlation between the reflected horizontal and vertical power returns. It is a good indicator of regions where there is a mixture of precipitation types, such as rain and snow. Linear Depolarization Ratio - The linear depolarization ratio is a ratio of a vertical power return from a horizontal pulse or a horizontal power return from a vertical pulse. It too is a good indicator of regions where a mixture of precipitation types occur.

18. Observing Systems Surface

19. Observing Systems “The Chisholm Network” “The Chisholm Network” ~1500km Major Cities Included: Dallas-Ft. Worth; Houston; Austin; Oklahoma City; Amarillo; Lubbock; San Antonio; Corpus Christi; Shreveport; Tulsa; New Orleans; Mobile; Little Rock; Jackson; ........ Major Cities Included: Dallas-Ft. Worth; Houston; Austin; Oklahoma City; Amarillo; Lubbock; San Antonio; Corpus Christi; Shreveport; Tulsa; New Orleans; Mobile; Little Rock; Jackson; ........ Major Cities Included: Dallas-Ft. Worth; Houston; Austin; Oklahoma City; Amarillo; Lubbock; San Antonio; Corpus Christi; Shreveport; Tulsa; New Orleans; Mobile; Little Rock; Jackson; ........

20. Chisholm Measurement Systems • Pavement condition: sfc temperature; • sfc state • Weather radar:reflectivity; velocity, polarization; refractivity • Wind profilers: radar, sodar; lidar; aircraft • Thermodynamic soundings: RAOBS, aircraft; lidar • Lightning detection: CG; total • Radiometers: microwave -- scanning; • GPS receivers: precipitable water vapor -- column integrated; maybe slant path and 3D • Surface mesonets: PTU; V; LW, SW, net radiation; energy & momentum fluxes • Satellites: Geo-; POES; LEO

21. Observing Systems On Marks & Spencer Bread Pudding -- "Product will be hot after heating."

22. Observing Systems The Suomi-net – measuring moisture based on attenuation of a GPS signal

23. Observing Systems Example of estimated Precipitable Water Values based on Suomi-net

24. Observing Systems www.suominet.ucar.edu/intro.html On Nytol Sleep Aid -- "Warning: May cause drowsiness."

25. Observing Systems Three Phases of AOR • Phase I – Real-time Mesoscale Analysis • Hourly within 30 minutes • Prototype for AOR • NCEP and FSL volunteer to build first phase • Phase II – Analysis of Record • Best analysis possible • Time is no object • Phase III – Reanalysis • Apply mature AOR retrospectively • 30 year time history of AORs

26. RTMA – Basic Procedure Outline • 2m Temperature and Dewpoint&10m wind • RUC forecast/analysis (13 km) is downscaled by FSL to a 5 km NDFD grid (FSL-developed Procedure). • Downscaled RUC is used as first-guess in NCEP’s 2DVar analysis of ALL surface observations. • Estimate of analysis error/uncertainty provided. • Precipitation – Derived from NCEP Stage II analysis. • Sky cover – Derived form NESDIS GOES sounder effective cloud amount (ECA). • Archived at NCDC

27. There are three main differences with the earlier two NCEP Global Reanalysis efforts: • Much higher horizontal and vertical resolution (T382L64) of the atmosphere (earlier efforts were made with T62L28 resolution) • The guess forecast will be generated from a coupled atmosphere – ocean – sea ice - land system • Radiance measurements from the historical satellites will be assimilated in this Reanalysis • To conduct a Reanalysis with the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land coupled to each other will be a novelty, and will hopefully address important issues, such as the correlations between sea surface temperatures and precipitation in the global tropics, etc.

28. Element Examples Downscaled 2 m Temperature Original 13 km Downscaled 5 km

29. Element Examples Downscaled 2 m Dewpoint Temperature L Color Curve Courtesy - J. Medlin ***Noted dry bias exists (2-6F) depending on US Region

30. Element Examples Downscaled 10 m Wind Original 13 km Downscaled 5 km CO CO

31. Element Examples – RTMA 10 m wind

32. Element Examples - ECA (a) • Effective Cloud Amount (ECA, %) • Derived from GOES sounder • Mapped onto 5-km NDFD grid • Converted to GRIB2 for NDGD GOES-12 IR image (11um) (b) (c) ECA from GRIB2 file – 5km grid Derived ECA from GOES-12

33. New Observing Systems • Space – GOES Series (R) • Ocean – ARGO (mobile buoys) • Air – Phased Array and Dual Polarized Radars • Air – GPS Moisture Sensors • Surface – Mobile Observing Networks • Archives – AOR (RTMA and CFSRR)