Junior Freshman Language Grammar and Grammatical analysis

1. Junior Freshman LanguageGrammar and Grammatical analysis Grammar Lecture 8 Pronouns (2)

2. Pronouns • Personal pronouns • Reflexive pronouns • Interrogative pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Possessive pronouns • Relative pronouns • Indefinite pronouns

3. (1) Personal pronouns (continued): (a) object pronouns • Object pronouns are used when a pronoun is either a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

4. Object pronouns • In English: • Most object pronouns are different from subject pronouns, but the same pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of a preposition.

5. Subject and object pronouns in English

6. In French….. • As in English, the pronouns used as objects are different from the ones used as subjects. • Unlike English, the form of an object pronoun often changes depending on whether it is a direct object, or an object of a preposition.

7. First and second persons singular and plural

8. Identifying the function of nous and vous can be confusing: • same forms are used as subject and object. • both subject and object forms are placed before the verb.

9. Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them)

10. French indirect object pronouns • First, make sure that the French verb takes an indirect object.

11. First and second persons singular and plural

12. Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them)

13. There is only one form of the 3rd person indirect object pronouns referring to things and ideas: y: • Are you answering the letter? Yes, I am answering it. • Do you obey the laws? Yes, I obey them.

14. Translate • He gives his sister the gift • He gives her the gift

15. Personal pronouns (continued) Disjunctive (Stressed) pronouns • French stressed pronouns (also known as disjunctive pronouns) are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun that refers to a person. There are 9 forms in French

16. Personal pronouns (continued)Disjunctive (Stressed) pronouns

17. Use of stressed pronouns for emphasis: • To highlight or emphasise a pronoun, a common strategy is to ‘double up’ by the addition of a stressed pronoun. • e.g. Subject pronouns: • Toi, tu le croispeut-êtremaislui, il ne le croit pas • YOU might believe that, but HE doesn’t

18. Stressed pronouns: (subject) • The stressed subject pronoun copy may equally appear at the end of the clause with the same effect: • Tu le crois peut-être toi, mais il ne le croit pas, lui.

19. Stressed pronouns: (subject) • When third person subject pronouns are highlighted or emphasised, the stressed pronoun alone may, on occasions, be used: • HE could do it • THEY would know what to say

20. Stressed pronouns: (object) • A common strategy is to add a second, stressed pronoun at either the beginning or the end of the clause: • He confides in ME (and not in you) • HE is known to be innocent

21. Stressed pronouns standing alone • Stressed pronouns are normally used where the pronoun stands alone, or is in a phrase without a verb: • Qui est là? Moi(not *je) • Qui as-tu vu? Lui (not *il)

22. Reflexive verbs and pronouns • A reflexive verb is a verb which is accompanied by a pronoun, called a reflexive pronoun, which serves ‘to reflect’ the action of the verb back to the subject.

23. Reflexive pronouns

24. Reflexive pronouns • Reflexive pronouns are used only with pronominal verbs (‘les verbespronominaux’). • They always agree with the subject of the sentence. • Like object pronouns, the reflexive pronoun is placed directly in front of the verb in all tenses except the imperative. • e.g. tute lèves → lève-toi

25. Reflexive pronouns • Reflexive pronouns always agree with their subjects, in all tenses and moods. • I will get up • We went to bed • Are you going to shave?

26. Reflexive verbs are common in French. • There are many English expressions that are not reflexive in English, but whose French equivalent is a reflexive verb. • to get up to make a mistake • to go to bed to stop • to wake up to take a walk • to be bored • to have fun