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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRIS (HIV)

Learn about the RNA viruses HIV1 and HIV2, their antigenic variation, stages of infection, risk factors, laboratory diagnosis, and available treatments. Get insights on HIV's morphology and how it spreads through sexual, parenteral, and perinatal transmission.

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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRIS (HIV)

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  1. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRIS (HIV) These are RNA viruses that belongs to the family Retroviridae (Retro means reverse). Members of this possess reverse transcriptase enzyme. Morphology: It is a spherical enveloped virus measuring about 90-120 nm.

  2. ANTIGENIC VARIATION: • . Two distinct antigenic types of HIV have been identified – HIV1 and HIV2. Antigenic variation occurs within both HIV1 and HIV2. SOURCE OF INFECTION patients and carriers MODES OF TRANSMISSION: • Sexual contact. • Parenteral transmission. • Perinatal transmission.

  3. Path of the Virus HIV exposure at mucosal surface (sex) Day 0 Virus collected by dendritic cells, carried to lymph node Day 0-2 HIV replicates in CD4 cells, released into blood Day 4-11 Virus spreads to other organs Day 11+

  4. HIV Lifecycle

  5. Stages of HIV Infection There are four stages : • Acute HIV infection: Characterised by acute onset of fever, malaise, sore throat, myalgia, arthralgia, skin rash and lymphadenopathy. • Asymptomatic infection: All the infected individuals go through a stage of symptomless period. • Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL): Characterised by enlarged lymph nodes more than 1 cm at two or more extra-inguinal sites for at least three months. • AIDS : It is the end stage, patient develops symptoms like fever, darrhoea, wt. loss and opportunistic infections.

  6. Some imp opportunistic infections and malignancies : • Bacterial : Mycobacterial infections, Salmonellosis • Viral : CMV, Herpis simplex, VZV, EB virus. • Fungal : Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Pneumocystis • Parasite : Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporedosis. • Malignancies : Kaposi’s sarcoma, B-cell lymphoma

  7. Risk factors : • AIDS in adults : A. Sexual ( Genital, anal ) B. Intravenous drug abusers C. Haemophiliacs D. Blood transfusion • Paediatric AIDS A. Infected mother B. Transfusion of blood or blood products .

  8. Laboratory diagnosis : Diagnosis includes specific tests for HIV and tests for immunodeficiency. • Specific tests: A. Antigenic detection. B. Antibody detection. C. Viral isolation. D. PCR. 2. Tests for immunodefiency: A. Total differential count. B. Skin tests for CMI 3. Test for opportunistic infections:

  9. Prophylaxis : “No effective vaccine available due to high rate of mutation.” Number of vaccines are on trial ( Whole virus, subunits based on envelope). antiretroviral therapy: highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) is effective in inhibition of HIV replication. Post exposure prophylaxis : Most exposures will not lead to infection. Zidovidin 300 mg BD and Lamivudine 150 mg BD are used in combination for four weeks.

  10. THANK YOU

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