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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton. BIO 210 Lab Instructor: Dr. Rebecca Clarke. Appendicular Skeleton. Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton: the limbs the supportive girdles Pectoral (shoulder) Pelvic. Appendicular Skeleton. Figure 8–1.

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Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

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  1. Chapter 8:The Appendicular Skeleton BIO 210 Lab Instructor: Dr. Rebecca Clarke

  2. Appendicular Skeleton • Allows us to move and manipulate objects • Includes all bones besides axial skeleton: • the limbs • the supportive girdles • Pectoral (shoulder) • Pelvic

  3. Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8–1

  4. Pectoral Girdle • Also called the shoulder girdle • Positions shoulder joints • Connects the arms to the body • Provides base for muscle attachment • Helps move upper limbs

  5. Pectoral Girdle Figure 8–2a

  6. Pectoral Girdle • Consists of: • 2 clavicles • 2 scapulae • Connects with axial skeleton only at the manubrium (clavicle articulations)

  7. Clavicle • Also called collarbone • Long, S-shaped bone • Originates at manubrium (sternal end) • Articulates with scapula (acromial end) • Relatively fragile so fractures common

  8. Clavicle • Sternal End: • Square, flat surface • Articulates with manubrium; only ones between axial skeleton and pectoral girdle • Acromial End: • Flatter, broader end • Articulates with acromion of scapula Figure 8–2b, c

  9. Scapula • Also called shoulder blade • Broad, flat triangle • Articulates with arm and collarbone • Skeletal muscles support/position  • Extreme mobility • Not much strength

  10. Scapula: Posterior Surface • Body • Broad, flat, triangular area • Has 3 borders/ margins • Superior • Medial • Lateral Figure 8–3c

  11. Scapula: Posterior Surface • Spine • Large ridge across posterior surface • Shoulder blade • Supraspinous fossa • Depression superior to spine • Infraspinous fossa • Depression inferior to spine Figure 8–3c

  12. Scapula: Posterior Surface • Acromion • Large, posterior extension at lateral end of spine • Articulates with clavicle (acromial end) Figure 8–3c

  13. Scapula: Lateral View • Glenoid fossa (cavity) • Cup-shaped, lateral depression • Articulates with humerus • Forms shoulder joint Figure 8–3c

  14. Scapula: Lateral View • Coracoid process • Smaller, anterior projection superior to glenoid cavity • Near clavicle vs coronoid process on mandible near nose) Figure 8–3c

  15. Scapula: Anterior Surface • Subscapular fossa • Depression on smooth, anterior side of body Figure 8–3a

  16. Bones of the Upper Limbs • Brachium (arm) • Antebrachium (forearm) • Ulna • Radius • Carpals (wrist) • Metacarpals (hand) • Phalanges (fingers)

  17. Humerus • Only bone in brachium (arm) • Extends from scapula to elbow • Articulates with pectoral girdle • on proximal end (head) – with glenoid fossa of scapula • on distal end – with radius and ulna (bones of antebrachium)

  18. Humerus • Head • Large, ball-shaped structure on proximal end • Greater tubercle • Larger, rounded projection on lateral/posterior surface of epiphysis • Lesser tubercle • Smaller projection on medial/anterior surface • Intertubercular groove • Separates tubercles Figure 8–4

  19. Humerus • Anatomical neck • Narrow groove between base of head and tubercles • Margin of joint capsule • Surgical neck • At metaphysis • Where fractures often occur • Deltoid tuberosity • Rough ridge on-anterior surface of shaft • Where deltoid muscle attaches Figure 8–4

  20. Humerus • Condyle • = rounded projection for muscle attachment • Distal epiphysis where humerus articulates with radius and ulna • “Knuckles” on anterior surface of humerus Figure 8–4

  21. Humerus • Lateral epicondyle • Medial epicondyle • More prominent than lateral one • Trochlea (“pulley” or “spool”) • In center of condyle (middle “knuckle) • Where trochlear notch of ulna rotates during forearm flexion • Capitulum • Forms a “cap” over the radius Figure 8–4

  22. Humerus • Coronoid fossa • On anterior surface • Articulates with coronoid process of ulna • Olecranon fossa • On posterior surface • Articulates with olecranon of ulna Figure 8–4

  23. Antebrachium (Forearm) • Consists of 2 long bones: • Ulna (medial) • Radius (lateral) • “Rotates” • Site of radial pulse Figure 8–5

  24. Ulna • Olecranon (process) • Large, curved projection (like cobra head) on proximal end • “U” for ulna • Articulates in olecranon fossa of humerus • Superior lip of trochlear notch • Point of elbow Figure 8–5

  25. Ulna • Trochlear notch • Anterior curved surface of proximal epiphysis • Articulates with trochlea of humerus • Coronoid process • Inferior lip of trochlear notch • Articulates in coronoid fossa of humerus Figure 8–5

  26. Ulna • Head • Much smaller, distal epiphysis (near wrist) • Articulates with radium and carpal (wrist) bones • Styloid process • Medial pointed extension at distal epiphysis • On posterior, lateral surface of head Figure 8–5

  27. Ulna: Articulations with the Humerus • Forearm extended: • Olecranon enters olecranon fossa • Forearm flexed: • Coronoid process enters coronoid fossa

  28. Radius • Head • Disc-shaped proximal epiphysis • Articulates with humerus • Neck • Narrow region between head and tuberosity • Radial tuberosity • Structure at proximal end of diaphysis below neck • Marks attachment site of biceps brachii muscle Figure 8–5

  29. Radius • Shaft • Curves and broadens • Distal portion much larger than distal portion of ulna • Styloid process • Lateral pointed extension at distal epiphysis • Stabilizes wrist joint Figure 8–5

  30. Carpal Bones • Allow wrist to bend and twist • 8 bones • “Sam likes to push the toy car hard.”

  31. Carpal Bones • Scaphoid • Lunate • Triquetrum • Pisiform • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Capitate • Hamate

  32. Wrist and Hand Bones Figure 8–6

  33. Metacarpal Bones • 5 long bones of the hand • Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial • Articulate with proximal phalanges

  34. Phalanges (Phalanx=singular) • Finger bones • I (lateral) • Pollex (thumb): • 2 phalanges (proximal, distal) • II - V • 3 phalanges (proximal, medial or middle, distal)

  35. Pelvic Girdle • Functions • Weight-bearing • Locomotion • Bones more massive than those of pectoral girdle • Strong to bear body weight

  36. Pelvic Girdle • Made up of 2 hip bones (coxal bones or pelvic bones) • Each hip bone is made up of 3 fused bones: • Ilium (articulates with sacrum) • Ischium • Pubis

  37. Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7

  38. Pelvic Girdle: Ilium • Largest hip bone • Superior part of coxae • Fused to ischium (posteriorly) and pubis (anteriorly) • Articulates with sacrum – attaches pelvic girdle to axial skeleton Figure 8–7

  39. Pelvic Girdle: Ilium • Iliac crest • Superior border • Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) • Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) • Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) • Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) Figure 8–7

  40. Pelvic Girdle: Ilium • Iliac fossa • Depression on anterior aspect • Sacroiliac joint • Between posterior superior and inferior spines; where ilium and sacrum articulate • Greater sciatic notch • Inferior to PIIS • Passageway for large sciatic nerve Figure 8–7

  41. Pelvic Girdle: Ischium • Posterior-inferior part of coxae • Ischial spine • Inferior to greater sciatic notch • At posterior-superior end • Lesser sciatic notch • Inferior to ischial spine • Ischial tuberosity • Thickened posterior-inferior part • Bears body weight when seated (“sit bone”) Figure 8–7

  42. Pelvic Girdle: Pubis • Anterior-inferior part of coxae • Pubic symphysis • Joint where anterior medial surfaces of pubic bones are interconnect by fibrocartilage pad • Limits movement between pubic bones of left and right hipbones Figure 8–7

  43. Pelvic Girdle: Acetabulum • Also called the hip socket • Large, concave socket on lateral surface of os coxae • Meeting point of ilium, ischium, and pubis • Articulates with head of femur Figure 8–7

  44. Pelvic Girdle: Obturator Foramen • Large space encircled by pubis and ischium • Closed by sheet of collagen fibers • Provides base for hip muscles Figure 8–7

  45. Pelvis • Consists of: • 2 hip bones • Sacrum • Coccyx (of axial skeleton) • Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

  46. Pelvis Figure 8–8

  47. Pelvic Openings • Pelvic inlet – (anterior) space enclosed by pelvic brim • Pelvic outlet – opening bounded by coccyx and ischial tuberosities Figure 8–9

  48. Pubic Angle • Inferior angle between pubic bones Figure 8–10

  49. Bones of the Lower Limbs • Femur (thigh) • Patella (kneecap) • Tibia and fibula (leg) • Tarsals (ankle) • Metatarsals (foot) • Phalanges (toes)

  50. Femur • Longest, heaviest bone • Transfers body weight to ground • Articulates with: • coxae at acetabulum • tibia at knee joint Figure 8–11

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