Global Poultry Production and Environmental Impact

1. Structural changes of global poultry production and the impact on the environment, including on poultry genetic resourcesIrene Hoffmann and Pierre Gerber, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO Guidance for the poultry sector – issues and options Joint FAO-WPSA Symposium at EPC, Tours, France, 24 August 2010

2. Contents • Poultry production and consumption • Structural change • Environmental impact • Poultry genetic diversity • Conclusions

3. Poultry production and consumption

4. Consumption of livestock products is growing rapidly Per caput consumption of major food items in developing countries – kg per caput per year (index numbers 1961=100)

5. Calorie and protein consumption from poultry • 90 mill t meat, 63 mill t eggs (2007) • 28% of world meat production • 2.5% consumption increase globally, 3.4% in LDC to 2030 • low consumer price

6. Growth in production: animal numbers and yields (1980-2007)

7. Structural change

8. Contribution of livestock production systems to food production Global Developing countries data: 2001-2003, Steinfeld et al 2006 68% of eggs and 74% of poultry meat globally from industrial systems

9. Estimated global distribution of poultry

10. Estimated distribution of industrially produced poultry populations

11. Geographical concentration of poultry production Three types of clusters • Close to markets (poor transport infrastructure) • Close to feed resources (well developed transport infrastructure) • In areas characterized by low human population density (environmental regulations)

12. Changes in geographic concentration of hens in Brazil from 1992 - 2001

13. Spatial distribution around Bangkok Humans, livestock and feed-crops, 2001

14. Feed

15. Growing intensities: based on expanding concentrate use feed concentrate use in 2002, million tons

16. Increasing trade of feedstuff Soybean imports (tons) Maize imports (tons) developing countries: trade deficit in coarse grain

17. Livestock production and ecosystems

18. Livestock production and ecosystems Land 26% of emerged land used as pasture/rangeland 33% of crop land dedicated to feed production Water 8% of water use mostly for feed alters the status of the resource (quality and quantity) Biodiversity wildlife: follow on effects of habitat degradation and destruction narrowing agricultural biodiversity Climate 18% of anthropogenic emissions when taking a food chain approach main causes: deforestation, manure management and enteric fermentation

19. Projected poultry manure production in Vietnam

20. Nutrient overload Estimated contribution of livestock to total P2O5 supply on agricultural land, in areas presenting a P2O5 mass balance of more than 10 kg per hectare (1998 to 2000).

23. Trouble at the mouth of the Mississippi http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/docs/hypoxia/satimgMorePic.asp?pic=HypoWebTrueColor.jpg

24. GHG emissions from livestock: a food chain approach

25. LCA for 1 MT of broiler Pelletier, 2008

26. Livestock related LUC: Deforestation in the Neotropics

27. Main direct drivers of change of biodiversity in ecosystems http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/GraphicResources.aspx

28. Poultry genetic diversity

29. Local and transboundary avian breeds

30. Origin of chicken breeds, by subregion

31. Trends within breeding industry higher capital investment - vulnerability high cost for Genomic selection regulation/standards: biosecurity, welfare etc merger and concentration – economies of scale implications for genetic diversity? vertical integration, spread risk downstream strategic research partnerships with (public) universities, access to public R&D funds

32. Productivity differential (production/head) Partial factor productivity differential between selected developed countries with commercial breeding programmes in all species, and the rest of the world (Production/head) selected developed countries: European Union, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. data: FAO STAT, 2009

33. Implications for developing countries < 3 % of total global livestock R&D investment to poultry increasing divide between scientific haves and non-haves high market access barriers import of GP/PS stock or day-old chickens low incentives to build own breeding programmes; little characterization, conservation

34. Countries reporting breeding programmes FAO, 2007

35. Status of poultry GR conservation • 26 countries with in situ / ex situ poultry conservation programmes • 24 chicken • 7 duck • 2 geese • 2 turkey • 11 cryo-conservation programmes for semen, tissue or DNA • 50% run by government FAO, 2007

36. critical critical-maintained endangered endangered-maintained extinct not at risk unknown Proportion of the world’s breeds by risk status 9 % extinct 20 % at risk 36 % unknown 2% extinct 31% at risk 40% unknown FAO, 2009

37. Risk status of chicken breeds, by subregion

38. Threats to poultry genetic resources 310 responses, first threat for breeds being at-risk

39. Conclusions Environment • Protein-energy return on investment 18% for broiler, 7% for eggs (Pelletier, 2008) • In most cases, farm level environmental issues are limited • FCR reduction = reduced land used to grow feed + GHG emission/output • Most of the poultry sector’s environmental impacts are associated with the feed base : deforestation, intensive agriculture, nutrient and water cycles, esp. in regions characterised by high animal concentration Genetic diversity • High share of transboundary breeds • Intensification and commercialization lead to loss of diversity • Conservation supported by hobby breeders and socio-cultural functions

40. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/A5.html