Introduction to Management Accounting

1. Introduction to Management Accounting

2. Introduction to Management Accounting Chapter 8 Flexible Budgets and Variance Analysis

3. Favorable and Unfavorable Variances Favorable variances arise when actual results exceed budgeted. Unfavorable variances arise when actual results fall below budgeted. Favorable (F) versus Unfavorable (U) Variances Profit Revenue Costs Actual > Expected F F U Actual < Expected U U F

4. Learning Objective 1 Static and Flexible Budgets A static budget is prepared for only one level of a given type of activity. Differences between actual results and the static budget for level of output achieved are static-budget variances. A flexible budget (variable budget) adjusts for different levels of activities. Differences between actual results and the flexible budget are flexible-budget variances.

5. Learning Objective 2 Flexible Budget Formulas To develop a flexible budget, managers determine revenue and cost behavior (within the relevant range) with respect to cost drivers. Note that the static budget is just the flexible budget for a single assumed level of activity.

6. Learning Objective 3 Activity-Based Flexible Budget An activity-based flexible budget is based on budgeted costs for each activity and related cost driver. For each activity, costs depend on an different cost driver.

7. Learning Objective 4 Evaluation of Financial Performance Actual results may differ from the master budget because... 1) sales and other cost-driver activities were not the same as originally forecasted, or 2) revenue or variable costs per unit of activity and fixed costs per period were not as expected.

8. Units 7,000 – 7,000 2,000U 9,000 Sales $217,000 – $217,000 $62,000 U $279,000 Variable costs 158,200 5,670 U 152,600 43,600 F 196,200 Contribution margin $ 58,730 $ 5,670 U $ 64,400 $18,400 U $ 82,800 Fixed costs 70,300 300 U 70,000 – 70,000 Operating income $ (11,570) $5,970 U $(5,600) $18,400 U $ 12,800 Evaluation of Financial Performance Flexible budget for actual sales activity (3) Actual results at actual activity level (1) Sales-Activity Variance (4) = (3)–(5) Flexible-budget variances (2) = (1)-(3) Static Budget (5)

9. Isolating the Causes of Variances Managers use comparisons among actual results, master budgets, and flexible budgets to evaluate organizational performance.

10. Isolating the Causes of Variances Effectiveness is the degree to which a goal, objective, or target is met. Efficiency is the degree to which inputs are used in relation to a given level of outputs. Performance may be effective, efficient, both, or neither.

11. Actual results $(11,570) Flexible budget $(5,600) Flexible-budget variances Learning Objective 5 Flexible-Budget Variances Total flexible-budget variance = Total actual results – Total flexible-budget planned results $5,970 Unfavorable

12. Activity-level variances Sales-Activity Variances Total sales - activity variance Actual sales unit – Master budgeted sales units = Budgeted contribution margin per unit × Flexible budget (7,000 – 9,000) × $9.20 Master budget = $18,400 Unfavorable

13. Setting Standards A standard cost is a carefully developed cost per unit that should be attained. An expected cost is the cost that is most likely to be attained. Perfection (ideal) standards are expressions of the most efficient performance possible under the best conceivable conditions, using existing specifications and equipment. No provision is made for waste, spoilage, machine breakdowns, and the like.

14. Currently Attainable Standards... are levels of performance that managers can achieve by realistic levels of effort. They make allowances for normal defects, spoilage, waste, and nonproductive time.

15. Trade-Offs Among Variances Improvements in one area could lead to improvements in others and vice versa. Likewise, substandard performance in one area may be balanced by superior performance in others.

16. When to Investigate Variances When should management investigate a variance? Many organizations have developed such rules of thumb as “investigate all variances exceeding $5,000 or 25% of expected cost, whichever is lower.”

17. Comparison with Prior Periods Some organizations compare the most recent budget period’s actual results with last year’s results for the same period. These comparisons are not as useful as comparisons of actual outcomes with planned results.

18. Flexible-Budget Variance in Detail Standard per unit of output: Std. inputs Flexible expected Budget Amount Direct Material 5 pounds $ 2 /pound $10 Direct Labor ½ hour $16/hour $ 8 Std. price expected

19. Variances from Material and Labor Standards Actual results for 7,000 units produced: Direct material Pounds purchased and used: 36,800 Price/pound: $1.90 Total actual cost: $69,920 Direct labor Hours used: 3,750 Actual price (rate): $16.40 Total actual cost: $61,500

20. Variances from Material and Labor Standards Flexible Budget or Total Standard Cost Allowed = Units of good output achieved × Input allowed per unit of output × Standard unit price of input

21. Variances from Material and Labor Standards Standard Direct-Materials Cost Allowed: 7,000 units X 5 pounds X $2.00 per pound = $70,000* Standard Direct-Labor Cost Allowed: 7,000 units X 1/2 hour X $16 per hour = $56,000** (1) (2) (3) Flexible Actual Flexible Budget Costs Budget Variance Direct Materials $69,920 *$70,000 $ 80 F Direct Labor 61,500 **$56,000 $5,500 U

22. Learning Objective 6 Price and Quantity Variances Price variance: (Applied to labor is called a rate variance) (Actual price – Standard Price) × Actual quantity used Quantity variance: (Often called usage or efficiency variance) (Actual quantity used – standard quantity allowed for actual output) × Standard price

23. Price Variance Computations Direct materials price variance: ($1.90 – $2.00) per pound × 36,800 pounds = $3,680 F Direct labor price (rate) variance: ($16.40 – $16.00) per hour × 3,750 hours = $1,500 U

24. Quantity (Usage) Variance Computations Direct-materials quantity variance: [36,800 – (7,000 × 5)] pounds × $2 per pound = $3,600 U Direct-labor quantity variance: [3,750 – (7,000 × ½)] hours × $16 per hour = $4,000 U

25. Favorable or Unfavorable Variance? To determine whether a variance is Favorable or unfavorable, use logic rather than memorizing a formula. A quantity variance is favorable if the actual quantity used is less than the standard quantity allowed. A price variance is favorable is the actual price is less than the standard.

26. Direct Materials Flexible Budget Variance Direct-Materials Flexible-budget variance: $3,680 favorable + $3,600 unfavorable = $80 favorable Direct-Labor Flexible-budget variance: $1,500 unfavorable + $4,000 unfavorable = $5,500 unfavorable

27. Interpretation of Price and Usage Variances Price and usage variances are helpful because they provide feedback to those responsible for managing inputs. Managers should not use these variances alone for decision making, control, or evaluation.

28. Learning Objective 7 Variable-Overhead Spending and Efficiency Variances A variable-overhead efficiency variance occurs when actual cost-driver activity differs from the standard amount allowed for the actual output achieved. A variable-overhead spending variance occurs when the difference between the actual variable overhead and the amount of variable overhead budgeted for the actual level of cost-driver activity.

29. Variable-Overhead Variances variable- actual standard standard overhead cost-driver cost-driver variable-overhead efficiency activity activity rate per variance allowed cost-driver unit - = X variable- actual standard actual overhead variable variable-overhead cost-driver spending overhead rate per unit activity variance of cost-driver used - = X

30. Learning Objective 8 Fixed Overhead Spending Variance The difference between actual fixed overhead and budgeted fixed overhead Is the fixed overhead spending variance.

31. The End End of Chapter 8