Civil Rights Ch 29

1. Civil Rights Ch 29 Video Clips and Pictures

2. Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 The Supreme Court ruled that this “separate but equal” law did not violate the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal treatment under the law. Allowed states to pass “Jim Crow” laws. Led to segregation.

3. WW II Sets the Stage It opened up new job opportunities for African-Americans, Latinos, and white women. Nearly one million African-Americans served in the armed forces, which ends its discriminatory policies. Many soldiers returned ready to fight for their freedoms at home. Protests during the war led FDR to issue a presidential directive prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies engaged in war work.

4. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -Segregation of schools is unconstitutional. -Separate can never be equal. -Impacted 12 million school children in 21 states

5. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott -She was a seamstress and a NAACP officer. She refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus. -Inspired the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Lasted 381 days. -Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation-1956 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNzQW_lwOko

6. Civil Disobedience: The Work of Martin Luther King Jr. Section 1: p.910

7. Martin Luther King, Jr. -He was a 26 year old pastor at a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama. -Leader of the Civil Rights Movement. Advocated a nonviolent approach to desegregation.

8. In King’s own Words “We will not hate you, “ King said to white racists, “but we cannot…obey your unjust laws….We will soon wear you down by our capacity to suffer. And in winning our freedom, we will so appeal to your heart and conscience that we will win you in the process.”

9. Little Rock -Eisenhower put the Arkansas National Guard under federal control. -Ordered a 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock -Federal marshals escorted students to school for a year.

10. SCLC & SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): Sped up the process of desegregation. Sit ins, picket lines, endured arrests, beatings, suspension from college, tear gas, and fire hoses. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: To carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship. Planned protests and demonstrations throughout the South.

11. The Triumphs of a CrusadeChapter 29/Sec. 2

12. Martin Luther King, Jr. “I guess it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, ‘Wait.’ But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize and even kill your black brothers and sisters; …when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smother in the air-tight cage of poverty; …when you have to concoct an answer for a five-year-old son asking:… ‘Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?’…then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.” -”Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

13. Freedom Riders Why ride? To test the Supreme Court decision banning segregation on interstate bus routes and facilities in bus terminals. Kennedy’s Response: President Kennedy sent U.S. Marshalls to protect the riders; issued an order banning segregation in all interstate travel facilities.

14. March on Washington August 1963 Section 2: p.920

15. Freedom Summer, 1964 • Goal: to register African American voters. • Who volunteered? Thousands of college students, mostly white, about 1/3 female and SNCC staff members.

16. March to Freedom (Selma March 1965) Section 2: p. 922

17. Extraordinary Session: Lyndon Johnson Pushes the Voting Rights Act Through Congress Section 2: p.920-922

18. Assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy Section 3: p.927

19. Answers • Goal: To persuade Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill. • Attended: 250,000 civil rights supporters. • Role of Television: Convinced people from across the nation to join the marchers. • Effect: President Johnson asked Congress for the swift passage of the Voting Rights Bill. • Voting Rights Act:Eliminated the literacy test and stated that federal officials could register voters denied the right by local officials. • Accomplished: Tripled the number of African Americans registered voters in the South.

20. Challenges and Changes in the Civil Rights Movement Chapter 29 Section 3

21. Segregation 1. Difference between de facto and de jure segregation. De facto Segregation: Segregation by practice or custom De jure Segregation: Segregation by law

22. Problems Faced in the North 3. What problems were faced by African Americans living in Northern cities at this time? -Poor treatment by white police officers -Discrimination/segregation -Poor quality schools -Slums

23. Malcolm X 4. Why did some American’s find Malcolm X’s views alarming. They were worried about his views that called for armed self-defense. 5. How did Malcolm X’s views change over the years? After a trip to Mecca he began to preach for racial equality. “Ballots or bullets.”

25. Black Panthers 6. How did the Black Panthers reflect a growing radicalism in segments of the Civil Rights Movement? -Some people felt that change through laws was happening too slowly. They preached self defense. Opened daycare centers and medical clinics. This won them support in the ghettos. -”Black Power” became the battle-cry for some African Americans.

26. Martin Luther King, Jr. 7. Why was Martin Luther King, Jr. visiting Memphis? -To support the striking garbage workers 8. What happened in cities across America after King’s assassination? -Worst urban rioting in U.S. history. 100 cities in flames.

27. Gains Made by Civil Rights Movement -Ended de jure segregation which increased high school/college graduation rates and opened up better jobs and business opportunities. -Gave African Americans pride in their racial identity. (i.e. dress, college courses, entertainment) -Substantial Political Gains: 2/3 of eligible African Americans were registered to vote. Increased the number of elected African American officials.