Managing Forests for Adaptation to Climate Change

1. Managing Forests forAdaptation to Climate Change Zoltán Rakonczay WWF – European Forest Programme Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood24-27 March, 2003, Braşov, Romania

2. Outline • Climate Change and Impacts on Forests • Natural Adaptation Mechanisms • Adaptation Measures • Implications for the Use of Wood Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

3. Climate Change is Happening „An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system” (IPCC TAR) • It is “very likely” to be happening • Caused by anthropogenic sources of GHGs • Burning of fossil fuels is the main culprit (CO2) • Main issues: adaptation and mitigation Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

4. Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

5. Changes in the Environment • Temperaturesare likely to increase • (0.1-0.4°C/decade) • Precipitation • increase inthe north, decrease in the south • changed seasonal pattern • Extreme weather events more frequent • storms, floods, droughts • Increased CO2 concentration Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

6. Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

7. Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

8. Likely Impacts on Forests • Shifting range boundaries • towards the north • towards higher elevations • Changes in phenology • lengthening of the growing season • higher evapotranspiration • functional groups may disintegrate due to differing responses to environmental change Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

9. Likely Impacts on Forests (2) • Changes in the carbon balance (???) • higher growth (initially?) • higher decomposition/respiration (!) • Increased incidents of abiotic damage • windthrow, fire, snow/ice • Increased incidents of biotic damage • new pests moving in • increased susceptibility due to stress Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

10. Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

11. Adaptation Mechanisms • Physiological acclimation • trees can tolerate changes within the historic range of environmental variability • exceeding this range can be catastrophic Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

12. Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

13. Adaptation Mechanisms • Physiological acclimation • trees can tolerate changes within the historic range of environmental variability • exceeding this range can be catastrophic • In-situ evolution • typically a slow process, many life cycles • adequate genetic diversity is a prerequisite • losses of diversity (on the short run) • speciation (on the long run) Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

14. Adaptation Mechanisms (2) • Migration • the most effective adaptation strategy by far • requires freedom of movement along environmental gradients • rate of change is a crucial factor • functional groups have to migrate together (keystone species) • Refugia • areas where the special microclimate allowed the survival of species Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

15. What is Special AboutCurrent Climate Change? • The rate of change seems to be extraordinarily fast • The landscape is no longer pristine • fragmentation • altered ecosystems • degraded/stressed ecosystems • invasive/introduced species • Ecosystems serve basic human needs • we cannot afford losing crucial functions Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

16. Implications for the Use of Forest (use of wood - broad sense) • Biomass use for energy • fossil fuel substitution • Carbon sequestration • lack of use of wood • Adaptation measures • protection/management of forest for biodiversity benefits • to secure services for the long run For global climate benefits Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

17. Adaptation Measures • Nature reserves • sufficient size • full range of forest types • Connectivity • avoid fragmentation • restore connectivity (corridors) • Protect climatic refugia / migration corridors • different scales (microhabitats to ecoregions) • historic migration corridors are often degraded Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

18. Adaptation Measures (2) • Protect primary forests • Provide buffer zones to protected areas • Practice low-intensity forestry • small canopy openings to protect microclimate • reasonably complete set of species • Maintain genetic diversity at all levels • Identify and protect functional groups • Monitor changes (adapt mgmt. if needed) Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

19. Implications for the Use of Wood (strict sense) Forest utilisation should give priority to adaptation measures: Use efficiently what forests do provide, instead of trying to grow what you think the market will demand in the distant future. • technological advances (targeted research) • consumption habits of end users (marketing) Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

20. Conclusions • Climate change is happening • Forests are likely to suffer major impacts • Adaptation should be facilitated • recommended measures differ little from sound management under static climate Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

21. Conclusions (2) • Adaptation measures should be given priority (precautionary principle) • Efficient use of available wood should be promoted • novel technologies • awareness raising / marketing Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania

22. Zoltán Rakonczay WWF Forest - Climate Change Officer zoltan.rakonczay@elender.hu tel: +36 1 214 5554 Strategies for the Sound Use of Wood, Braşov, Romania