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Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change

Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change. Details of Pillar 2 Public consultation meetings February-March 2007. Pillar 2 in detail. Two key elements of Pillar 2: Reducing emissions (agriculture and deforestation) Enhancing forest sinks Agriculture:

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Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change

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  1. Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change Details of Pillar 2 Public consultation meetings February-March 2007

  2. Pillar 2 in detail • Two key elements of Pillar 2: • Reducing emissions (agriculture and deforestation) • Enhancing forest sinks • Agriculture: • Limited solutions, but some solutions around nitrous oxide (strong water quality co-benefits), • Also research, technology transfer, voluntary reporting • Deforestation: • Difficult, but urgent (strong co-benefits in some areas) • Afforestation: • Some good solutions available, building on PFSI (strong co-benefits for sustainable land management)

  3. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  4. Research, technology and voluntary reporting 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide Figures from http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz

  5. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  6. Research, technology and voluntary reporting 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops

  7. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  8. Methane Nitrous oxide Research, technology and voluntary reporting 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level Figure from http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz

  9. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  10. Government pricing mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors Picture from http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de

  11. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  12. Government pricing mechanisms 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers Photo from www.digitalearth06.org.nz

  13. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  14. Market-based mechanisms 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers

  15. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  16. Market-based mechanisms 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc

  17. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level

  18. Regulation 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls Photo from http://www.nscc.govt.nz

  19. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture

  20. Land use change from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture Photo from http://www.landcareresearch.cri.nz

  21. Overview of possible Pillar 2 options for agriculture (page 43) LONG-TERM OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR ENCOURAGING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS NOW Research, technology transfer and voluntary reporting Price-based measures Regulation Government pricing mechanisms Market-based mechanisms 4. Incentive for nitrification inhibitors Pay a financial incentive to encourage the use of nitrogen inhibitors 1. Research Research into adaptation, mitigation and measurement technologies and practices for methane and nitrous oxide 6. Tradable permit regime for agriculture emissions Devolution of agriculture greenhouse gas emission obligations and permits to farmers 8. RMA standards to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions Development of a National Environmental Standard to control agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: i.e. input and/or output controls 2. Technology transfer Use of demonstration farms to promote adoption of mitigation technologies e.g. nitrogen inhibitors, nutrient budgeting, improved forage crops 5. Charge on nitrogen fertiliser Impose a charge on nitrogen fertilisers 7. Offset schemes for agricultural emissions Farmers required to offset emissions by emission reductions elsewhere i.e. tree planting, biofuels etc Options focusing on land use change from forestry to agriculture 3. Voluntary reporting Voluntary reporting of emissions at the farm level 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture 9. RMA standards to control new agricultural land use after deforestation Controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and other effects arising from land use change from forestry to agriculture

  22. Land use change from forestry to agriculture 10. Charge where deforested land is used for agriculture Impose a charge on agriculture emissions created when land is converted from forestry to agriculture

  23. Kyoto Rules for Forests

  24. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  25. Afforestation options 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests

  26. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  27. Afforestation options 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS

  28. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  29. Government pricing mechanisms 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests Picture from Google Earth

  30. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  31. Market-based mechanisms 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold Picture from Google Earth

  32. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  33. Regulation 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) Picture from http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz

  34. Overview of possible Pillar 2 forestry options (pages 57 & 62) DEFORESTATION OPTIONS AFFORESTATION OPTIONS Incentives Price-based measures Regulation 1. Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) Pay grants to growers who plant new post-2007 forests Government pricing measures 3. Centrally determine deforestation levels option Pass new legislation to limit rates of deforestation of non-Kyoto forests (national deforestation limit) 1. Flat charge on land use change from forestry to another use Impose flat charge on deforestation of non-Kyoto forests 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation 2. Choice between AGS and devolution of sinks & liabilities Give each grower the choice to receive the relevant sink credits and liabilities or seek a grant under the AGS Market-based measures 2. Tradable permit regime Government allocates tradable deforestation permits; forest owners who deforest non-Kyoto forests are liable for emissions above the level of permits they hold

  35. Regulation 4. RMA options Use RMA to control deforestation

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