The Endocrine System

1. The Endocrine System Emily, Seth, and Michael

2. Major functions of the endocrine system • The major function of the endocrine system is the production of hormones through glands. • The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.

3. Major functions of the endocrine system

4. Individual structures of the endocrine system • Major structures of the endocrine system include the Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenals, Testes(male), and ovaries(female).

5. Pituitary Gland • Pituitary Gland Description: The master gland, has regulatory effects on other glands. Location: Located on the frontal lobe of the brain. Divided into Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe.

6. Pituitary Gland (anterior lobe) • Anterior Lobe Description: Influences growth and sexual development, thyroid function, adrenocortical function, and regulates skin pigmentation. Location: On the frontal half of the Pituitary gland.

7. Pineal gland • Pineal gland Description: Helps regulate the release of gonadotropin and controls body pigmentation. Location: Located around the center of the brain.

8. Pituitary Gland (posterior lobe) • Posterior lobe Description:Stimulates the reabsorption of water and elevates blood pressure, stimulates the uterus to contact during labor, delivery, and parturition. Location: On the back half of the Pituitary gland.

9. Thyroid • Thyroid Description:Plays a vital role in metabolism, regulates the body’s metabolic processes, and influences calcium metabolism. Location:Located around the windpipe.

10. Parathyroid • Parathyroid Description: Maintains normal calcium level, plays a role in metabolism of phosphorus. Location: Located in the Thyroid.

11. Pancreas • Pancreas Description: Regulates blood glucose levels and produces several important hormones. Location: Located below the stomach and liver.

12. Adrenal glands • Adrenal Glands Description: Helps the body cope duringstress and effects the function of the kidneys. Location: Both are located on top of their respective kidney.

13. Adrenal glands (cortex) • Adrenal Cortex: Description: Controls the response to stress through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Location: Located in the outer layers of both Adrenal glands.

14. Adrenal glands (medulla) • Adrenal Medulla Description: Consists of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and small amounts of dopamine. Location: Located in the center of the glands surrounded by the Adrenal Cortex.

15. Placenta (female) • Placenta Description: secretes several hormones that are important during pregnancy. Location: The location of the placenta largely depends on the location of the egg when it was fertilized.

16. Gastrointestinal Mucosa • Gastrointestinal Mucosa Description:The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, releases hormones that help to regulate the digestive process. Location: located in the lining of the Intestines.

17. Thymus • Thymus Description: Produces hormones that stimulate the development of antibodies. Location: located in the upper part of the chest, between the lungs.

18. Ovaries (female) • Ovaries (female) Description: Promotes growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs. Location: Located in the lower abdomen near the hipbones.

19. Testes (male) • Testes (male) Description: Promotes growth, development, and maintenance of male sex organs. Location: Located in the groin area within the scrotal sac.

20. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland • Pituitary Gland (Anterior) • Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration . • Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH): Important in the relationship between the pituitary and adrenal gland. • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): regulatesthe growth and reproductive processes of the body.

21. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation in female and helps produce testosterone in males • Prolactin (PRL): Enables females to produce milk. • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Sends signals the brain that effect appetite and sexual arousal.

22. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland • Pituitary gland (Posterior) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Retains water in the body and constricts blood vessels. Oxytocin: Acts as a neuromodulator in the brain.

23. Hormones of the pineal gland • Melatonin: Acts as a powerful antioxidant among other things. • Serotonin: Regulates intestinal movements and is thought to brings feelings of well-being and happiness.

24. Hormones of the thyroid/parathyroid gland • Thyroxin (T4): Regulates the process of metabolism. • Triiodothyronine (T3): Affects almost every physiological process in the body. • Calcitonin: Reduces blood calcium levels. • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):Increases blood calcium levels. 

25. Hormones of the pancreas • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels. • Insulin: Helps to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the body. • Somatostatin: Regulates the endocrine system.

26. Hormones of the adrenal cortex • Glutocorticords: Involved in metabolism. • Mineralocorticoid: Influences salt and water balance. • Androgens: Controls the development of male characteristics. 

27. hormones of the adrenal medulla • Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine all act as neurotransmitters in the brain by transmitting signals to neurons in the brain.

28. hormones of the ovaries and testes • Ovaries (female): • Estrogen: Primary female sex hormones • Progesterone: Involved in the female menstrual cycle. • Testes (male): • Testosterone: Primary male sex hormone.

29. hormones of the Gastro. mucosa • Gastrin: Stimulates the secretion of gastric acid. • Secretin: Regulates secretions in the stomach and pancreas. • Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin: Stimulates the digestion of  fats and proteins. • Enterogastrone: Response to blockage in the gastro tract

30. hormones of the thymus  • Thymosin: Stimulates the productionof anti-bodies in bone marrow. • Thymopoietin: Encodes three alternatively spliced mRNAs.

31. Pathology of the endocrine system • Dwarfism: The condition of being abnormally small. • Gigantism: The condition of being abnormally large. Both dwarfism and gigantism can be caused by a malfunction in the production of Growth hormone.

32. Pathology of the endocrine system • Adenoma: Any tumor affecting a gland. • Simmonds Disease: A rare complication of pregnancy, usually occurring after severe blood loss, were atrophy of the pituitary gland causes loss of function of the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads.

33. Pathology of the endocrine system • Progeria: Condition of premature old age occurring in childhood. • Acromegaly: A gradual enlargement of the bones in the face, jaw, and extremities.

34. Pathology of the endocrine system • Addison's disease: Condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones. • Diabetes Mellitus: A group of diseases caused by high blood sugar, because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

35. Pathology of the endocrine system • Hypothyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. • Hyperthyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland does produces excessive amounts of hormones.

36. Bibliography • Rice, J. (2008). Medical terminology: A word building approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. • Postlehwait, J. H., & Hopson, J. L. (2009`). Modern biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.