Climate Change and Shelter & Housing

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing Module 7

This lecture should be preceded by part One on mitigation strategies II. Adaptation Strategies Sub-module 7.2

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation THE CHALLENGE: ADAPTING BUILDINGS TO FUTURE CLIMATES A complex problem that, like mitigation, involves optimising the adaptive opportunities available from our buildings, climates, lifestyles and habits . The complexity of Climate Change adaptation Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation THE PROBLEM: How bad will it become and how much more RESILIENT will our buildings have to be? RISK Is affected by three things: HAZARD EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY Hazard How bad is it ? Climate Change Resource Depletion Economic Turmoil Poor Governance Over population Pollution . Vulnerability What is your ? House Car Community Health Wealth Age RISK The individual risk depend on too many factors. Exposure Where do you live in relation to the hazard? Therefore a uniform adaptation strategy is impossible. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation Part II: Adaptation: Building resilience in homes and communities • Excessive Heat Waves– Thermal Comfort / Passive design / natural ventilation • Excessive Cold Weather – Insulation / thermal storage / passive heating • Strong Storms – robust construction / settlement planning • Rainfall – protection / storage / • Flooding – reducing exposure / increasing resilience / response planning • Sea Level Rise • Drought - water efficient and drought resistant buildings and lifestyles Climate change adaptation strategies have to cope with at least 7 major impacts Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Thermal Comfort • Physiological aspects • Cultural aspects • Passive design • Long and short term thermal storage & insulation • Passive solar heating • Heat exchangers • Roof ponds • Ventilation • Cross ventilation • Vent shafts and courtyards • Mechanical ventilation • Shading • Shading of the facades and windows • Shading of the roof • Ambient shading (trees, narrow streets) Among 4 basic principles there are at least 12 different ways to cope with heat waves Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Thermal Comfort • Physiological aspects • Cultural aspects People are comfortable in a huge range of different climates Each dot on this diagram shows the comfort temperature from one comfort field survey – showing that different groups of people can be comfortable at very different temperatures. According to the living environment, people got used to different climates Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Thermal Comfort • Physiological aspects • Cultural aspects People traditionally adapt their behaviour to climate Temperature exposure of housewives in three different houses in the desert city of Yazd, Iran Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation THE PROBLEM: Buildings, old and new, increasingly fail to provide dequateshelter in a warming world with more extreme weather events TRADITIONAL HOMES FAIL AS SHELTER: In the 2003 heat wave in Europe 52,000 people died of over-heating in traditional buildings, mainly the old, young, sick and poor. Homes must be more protected from extreme weather. But people adapt to climate slower than climate change happens Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation THE PROBLEM: How bad will it become and how much more RESILIENT will our buildings have to be? SIGNIFICANTLY MORE RESILIENT For instance - It is predicted that the extreme climate of summer 2003 will occur every second year in Europe by 2030 and by 2050 it will be a cool summer . 2003 But we know that climate change will become worse Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Thermal Comfort: the Physics Physiology Behaviours This diagram shows how the human body and how behavior can cope with external temperature changes Source: Fergus Nicol Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Thermal Comfort: different Control Variable Excessive Heat Waves Efficiency of adaptation means depends on the temperature Source: Fergus Nicol Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Exercise 2: COMFORT AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN Exercise 2: COMFORT AND ADAPTIVE DESIGN Exercise 1 was part of Climate Change and Shelter Lecture 1 • Draw a plan of your own house/room • Indicate on the plan the different places you occupy at different times of the day for each season of the year • Map on to the plan how comfortable you felt in each different place – on a 5 point scale from hot, warm, neutral, cool and cold • Makes notes on how your home is adapted to the local climate conditions like sun, wind, rain and heat • List the locally available adaptive tools and opportunities to improve comfort - discuss how they could be improved Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 1. Excessive Heat Waves • Passive design • Long and short term storage of the cool air of night in building fabric and shutters and windows to manage it. • Passive Cooling using shading and ventilation • Underground heat exchangers and deep basements where cooled air can be stored • Roof insulation to keep the heat of the sun out of the building Cooling South Africa Uganda China Zanzibar, Tanzania South Africa Kyoto, Japan Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Ventilation • Cross ventilation • Vent shafts and courtyards • Mechanical ventilation Cross ventilation for cooling can be used to reduce overheating if it is below body temperature (37C) – above that windows and shutters must shut it out and night time cooling used to reduce the temperature of the house Cooling Yazd, Iran Isfahan, Iran Jaiselmer, India Jaiselmer, India Zanzibar, Tanzania Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Ventilation • Cross ventilation • Vent shafts and courtyards • Mechanical ventilation Natural ventilation Ventilation through Wind Towers in Jazd, Iran Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Ventilation • Cross ventilation • Vent shafts and courtyards • Mechanical ventilation Ventilators Extreme peak summer loads Cause power outages Source: Ed Ahrens Big fan in a restaurant in Kuwait Australian Summer and Winter day loads Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Shading • Shading of the facades and windows • Shading of the roof • Ambient shading (courtyards, trees, narrow streets) Courtyard in the Arab House in Havana, Cuba Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Shading • Shading of the facades and windows • Shading of the roof • Ambient shading (courtyards, trees, narrow streets) Cool microclimate ……… Anatolia, Turkey Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • Excessive Heat Waves • Shading • Shading of the facades and windows • Shading of the roof • Ambient shading (narrow streets) Narrow lanes are cool (and free of cars!) . Sta. Marta Cairo Aleppo Evora, Portugal Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation Part 2: Adaptation: Building resilience in homes and communities 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Site protection, wind breaks • Insulation • Thermal storage • Passive heating • Active heating • Snow and Ice • Case study references • Dissemination of Passive Solar Housing in the Cold Desert of the Indian Himalayas • Energy Efficient Straw-bale Housing Project in North-Eastern China • Habitat Kyrgyzstan Foundation housing in in Bishkek Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Site protection, wind breaks . • Fjordland, New Zealand http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/pirsa/more/factsheets/fact_sheets/vegetation/windbreaks_for_the_lower_south_east Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2.Excessive Cold Weather • Insulation Urosfloatingvillage on Lake Titicaca, Peru . Building and Igloo in Canada Sami girl in the Artic Yazd, Iran Peru Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Thermal storage Thick walls can keep daytime heat for the cool night Adobe village in Eastern Iran Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Thermal storage • Passive heating Inside walls keep the heat captured through the conservatory Oxford Ecohouse Oxford Ecohouse Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Active heating Emergency provisions are advis-able where heating depends on centralized energy supply . In extremis small battery powered heaters may provide enough heat locally First thing to go in an ice storm is the Power - Source Alex Wilson Energy Kinetics that runs off DC electricity supply – Source Alex Wilson Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 2. Excessive Cold Weather • Snow and Ice storms Be aware of cold bridges . a) Oxford Ecohouse c) the Oxford Ecohouse e) www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/ f) www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/ b) House next to the Oxford Ecohouse d) Oxford Ecohouse Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation Part II: Adaptation: Building resilience in homes and communities 3. Strong Storms • Settlement planning • Construction materials and principles • Reinforcement of roofs and windows • Storm shelters • Case study references • Preventing Typhoon Damage to Housing, Central Viet Nam • Cyclone resistant housing in Orissa, India. Over 3,500 families have been able to construct safer homes at a lower cost. Strong storms are also known as Cyclone, Hurricane or Typhoon Child‘sdrawing in stormpreventionexcercise in Hue, Vietnam Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Settlement planning As storms become stronger authorities will have to make settlements retreat from the most exposed locations. . After the storm Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Settlement planning Images of the devestation that resulted from Hurrican Sandy along the Eastern seaboard of the US in October 2012. The most expensive storm in history it is costing the US government over $70 billion US to repair the damage. Long Island Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Construction materials and principles Porpoise Point, Florida, house designed by Stephanie Thomas to withstand extreme Hurricanes. It has so far withstood six Hurricanes without damage Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Reinforcement of roofs and windows Source: Development Workshop France . Secured roof tiles in Hue, Vietnam Child‘s drawing in storm prevention exercise in Hue, Vietnam Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Storm shelters In hot countries (where strong winds are quite common) traditional houses are built of light weight material which facilitates a comfortable climate. Unfortunately, these structures are more easily affected or destroyed by a cyclone, hurricane or tornado. Therefore in the most exposed locations (sea shore, hills etc.) small shelters in massive construction are often recommended where people may find temporary protection and where they can keep their valuables. These ferrocement cages were built in Chennai, India for fishermen to store their equipment in case of strong winds and may even serve as a personal storm shelter Flying debris represents a high risk Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 3. Strong Storms • Evacuation plans Prevention plans reduce vulnerability • HURRICANE EILEEN: • August 2011 • $19 Billion damage • 56 Dead • Red areas show parts of New York that were evacuated in its path • HURRICANE SANDY • OCTOBER 2012 • $71 Billion damage • 87 Dead Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation Part 2: Adaptation: Building resilience in homes and communities 4. Heavy Rainfall • Protection aspects of building • Rain water retention • Reduction of surface sealing • Green roofs and surface plant coverage • Rain water retention dykes and ponds • Land slides • Case study references Ekostaden Augustenborg: Green roofs creation solved efficiently and sustainably flooding problems. The Core Shelter Housing Project in Metro Manila, Philippines, provides structurally strong shelter units that can withstand a range of hazards such as typhoons, flooding and mild earthquakes using locally available construction materials. Tropical storms tend to be extremely intense Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 4. Rainfall • Protection aspects of buildings In tropical countries roofs are equally important to protect from the rain and from the sun alike Gallery bordering the Plaza Central in Havana provide shelter against sun and rain • Rain shelter is the only protection needed to live on the Amazon shore in Brazil. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 4. Rainfall • Rain water retention • Reduction of surface sealing • Green roofs and surface plant coverage • Rain water retention dykes and ponds Grass Paving Stones allow easy permeability for rainwater into the ground Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 4. Rainfall • Rain water retention • Reduction of surface sealing • Green roofs and surface plant coverage • Rain water retention dykes and ponds Greenery can hold back sudden floods of rainwater and relieve the drains Grass roof in a social housing project in Darmstadt, Germany Company Gardens in Cape Town, South Africa Public park in Grenoble, France Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 4. Rainfall • Rain water retention • Reduction of surface sealing • Green roofs and surface plant coverage • Rain water retention dykes, ponds and swales The best solution is to allow rainwater to enter to be absorbed by the soil Sandiego Rainwater retention pond (source unknown) Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 4. Rainfall • Landslides Removal of green cover provokes landslides Floods in Rio de Janeiro 2011 Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation Part 2: Adaptation: Building resilience in homes and communities 5. Inland flooding • reducing exposure • increasing resilience • On-site drainage • Off site drains • Water storage • response planning Flooding caused by local plus upstream rainfall Inland flooding most of the time is not only provoked by heavy rain falling in the place, but in a larger catchment area outside the city which suffered deforestation or industrial agriculture. Therefore large drains may become necessary although only representing the second best option. Floods in Metro Manila (Photo: Florian Steinberg) Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 5. Inland flooding • reducing exposure Never build on flood prone land X Source: Johan van Lengen. The Barefoot Architect Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 5. Inland flooding • increasing resilience • On-site drainage • Off site drains • Water storage • Buildings on stilts Rain water drains can reduce flooding risk. But they can also turn into deadly traps Street drain at Documenta Urbana, Kassel, Germany Combined sewers and drains in Djenne, Mali Storm water drain in el Caliche, Medellin River and storm drain in Tirana, Albania Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 5. Inland flooding • increasing resilience • On-site drainage • Off site drains • Water storage • Buildings on stilts A raised floor can keep out the water - and also some unwanted animals Amazon, Brazil Raised ground floor in village in Indonesia Palafitte housing in Bangkok, Thailand Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 5. Inland flooding • Response planning Where floods happen only once every few years provisions need to be made to stop the water entering the house http://www.blobel.com/ Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 6. Sea Level Rise • Rise of average tide • High tides • Site selection • Foundations and construction • Access • Space design aspects • Living on water, • Traditional solutions • Houseboats • Involuntary ‘marinas’ Permanent inundations Jakarta, Indonesia Photo: Florian Steinberg Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation • 6. Sea Level Rise • Rise of average tide Where it is not possible to protect the city as a whole from rising sea water (like Venice below), individual precaution can be sought by rising the ground floor level (right). Source: Christoph Hesse Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 6. Sea Level Rise • Rise of average tide • High tides • Site selection • Foundations and construction • Access • Space design aspects • Living on water, Jakarta, Indonesia Photo: Florian Steinberg Temporary high tides occur on low level coastland when the normal tides are met by strong winds from the ocean. Although only emporarythey can be violent and can cause thousands of deaths at a time. High Tide in La Habana, Cuba Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Adaptation 6. Sea Level Rise • Rise of average tide • High tides • Site selection • Foundations and construction • Access • Space design aspects • Living on water, Same place today and subject to sea water rise within the next 90 years Low level land should not be constructed upon in the first place. But when no disaster happened for more than an generation many people forget about the risk. Projected Sea Water level raise for 2100 In Tinos, Greece Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change and Shelter & Housing