Ancient Egypt Chapter 2 Section 2

1. Ancient EgyptChapter 2 Section 2 • Identify the following terms on R3 in your notebook. • Delta • Narmer • Pharaohs • Theocracy • Pyramid • Mummification • Hieroglyphics • Papyrus

2. Ancient EgyptChapter 4 Section 1 • Identify the following terms on R3 in your notebook. • Hyksos • New Kingdom • Hatshepsut • Thutmose III • Nubia • Ramses II (the Great)

3. Section 2 Pyramids on the Nile Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians build magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers. NEXT

4. L3 in your notebook

5. SECTION 2 Pyramids on the Nile The Geography of Egypt Egypt’s Settlements • Arise along the 4,100-mile Nile River on narrow strip of fertile land The Gift of the Nile • Yearly flooding brings water and fertile black mud—silt • Farmers build irrigation system for wheat and barley crops • Egyptian’s worship Nile as a god Image Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 2 continued The Geography of Egypt Environmental Challenges • Light floods reduce crops, cause starvation • Heavy floods destroy property; deserts isolate and protect Egyptians Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt • River area south of First Cataract is elevated, becomes Upper Egypt • Cataract—where boulders turn Nile River into churning rapids • River area north, including Nile delta, becomes Lower Egypt • Delta—land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular Map NEXT

7. SECTION 2 Egypt Unites into a Kingdom King Narmer Creates Egyptian Dynasty • Villages of Egypt ruled by two kingdoms—Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt • King Narmer unites them around 3000 B.C.; makes Memphis capital • Establishes first Egyptian dynasty Pharaohs Rule as Gods • To the Egyptians, kings are gods; Egyptian god kings called pharaohs • Pharaohs control religion, government, army, well-being of kingdom • Government based on religious authority— theocracy Continued . . . NEXT

8. SECTION 2 continued Egypt Unites into a Kingdom Builders of the Pyramids • Kings believed to rule even after death; have eternal life force, ka • Build elaborate tombs, pyramids, to meet needs after death • Pyramids made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 ft. high • Kingdom had leadership, government; economically strong Interactive NEXT

9. SECTION 2 Egyptian Culture Religion and Life • Egyptians believe in 2,000 gods and goddesses—polytheistic • Re is sun god, Osiris, god of the dead; goddess Isis is ideal woman • Believe in life after death; person judged by deeds at death • Develop mummification, process that prevents body from decaying • Book of the Dead contains prayers and spells, guides soul after death Image Image NEXT

10. SECTION 2 Life in Egyptian Society Social Classes • Society shaped like pyramid, from Pharaoh down to farmers, laborers • Few people at top have great power; most people at bottom • People move into higher social classes through marriage or merit • Women have many of the same rights as men Egyptian Writing • In hieroglyphics writing system, pictures represent ideas • Paperlike sheets made from papyrus reeds used for writing Image Continued . . . NEXT

11. SECTION 2 continued Life in Egyptian Society Egyptian Science and Technology • Egyptians invent calendar of 365 days and 12 months • Develop system of written numbers and a form of geometry • Skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids • Egyptian medicine famous in the ancient world NEXT

12. SECTION 2 Invaders Control Egypt Changes to Egyptian Society • Power of Pharaohs declines about 2180 B.C.; end of Old Kingdom • In Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C.), some pharaohs regain control • Improve trade, dig canal from Nile to Red Sea, drain swamps for farms • Hyksos move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 B.C. NEXT

13. Section 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forge commercial, cultural, and political connections. NEXT

14. SECTION 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt Invaders • About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use chariots to conquer Egypt Hebrews Migrate to Egypt • Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C. • Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos in Egypt Expulsion and Slavery • Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos • Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved NEXT

15. SECTION 1 The New Kingdom of Egypt Technological Changes • About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire • Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands Image Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule • Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war Image Continued . . . NEXT

16. SECTION 1 continued The New Kingdom of Egypt Thutmose the Empire Builder • Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire • Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River • Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharaohs Image Continued . . . NEXT

17. SECTION 1 continued The New Kingdom of Egypt The Egyptians and the Hittites • Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine • Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty An Age of Builders • New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces, magnificent temples • Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs • Ramses II builds impressive temples with enormous statues of himself Image NEXT

18. SECTION 1 The Empire Declines Invasion by Land and Sea • “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great destruction in Egypt • Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire Egypt’s Empire Fades • Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms • From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities NEXT