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Explore differing viewpoints that shaped the American Revolution from 1763 to 1775, examining perspectives of British rulers and American colonists. Delve into major events like the French and Indian War, British taxation policies, and the colonists' resistance. Reflect on loyalty to the British crown versus the call for revolution, considering the sacrifices and consequences during this pivotal era.
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Causes and Events Leading to the American Revolution 1763-1775
PERSPECTIVE • What is perspective? • If two people look at the same thing but see it two different ways, how do we know which person is right and which one is wrong?
Here are some examples using pictures… but sometimes the way people “see” something doesn’t mean visually… it means in their opinion.
When you first look at this, do you see an old man with ivy leaves around him, or do you see a couple kissing?
A rabbit, looking right? • Or a duck, looking left? • Who is right and who is wrong?
Do you see the old man? Do you see a woman with a baby? Do you see the dog? What else do you see?
Do you see the old woman? OR Do you see the young woman?
PERSPECTIVE • Here are two different points of view on what the purpose of the American colonies was. • Who is right???
"The Colonies were acquired with no other view than to be a convenience to us, and therefore it can never be imagined that we are to consult their interest." Editorial • The London Chronicle, 1764
“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce... in short, everything we possess? They tax us without having legal representation." Samuel Adams, 1765 Founder of the Sons of Liberty
There wasn’t just one single event that caused the American Revolution. And there wasn’t just one opinion on what the colonists should do. If there had been, then all colonists would have joined in the fight against the British. They didn’t. Many remained loyal to the king and opposed a revolution. They remained loyal…they were loyalists!
The following events are just some of the things that led many to believe that theirs was a cause worthy of risking their lives.
After viewing, you decide… • would you have remained loyal to the King – or would you have chosen to break away? • would you have risked your life for something you believed in? • many people died during the revolution…was it a worthy cause?
Turn your paper on it’s side and at the top, label the page “American Revolution Timeline” • Make a timeline that looks like this...
When you see a slide with the British Flag, record the date and event abovethe line. 1763 Treaty of Paris
When you see a slide with a minuteman, record the date and event belowthe timeline. 1763 Treaty of Paris 1764 Beginning of Colonial Opposition
Try to look at each event from the perspectiveof both the British and the Colonists.
By the way, you won’t need to record something from every slide. Just the slides with either a British flag or a minuteman.
FRENCH and INDIAN WAR 1754 – 1763 Who was it between? What was it over? Who won? What happened with the peace treaty? Then what….?
1763 • British and French sign the Treaty of Paris, ending The French and Indian War. The cost of the war left a huge national debt hanging over the government of Britain.
Perspective • The King felt that the colonists should bear the burden of the expense of maintaining the colonies.
The Colonists felt they did enough already without adding additional taxes: • Colonies provided raw materials to England. • They provided markets for goods produced in Britain (in other words, it gave England customers to sell to). AND…All of this they did with little or no say in a government that passed laws without consulting them first (in other words, they had no representation in Parliament).
1764 • Sugar Act. Parliament, desiring revenue from its North American colonies, passed the first law specifically aimed at raising colonial money for the Crown. • The Sugar Act increased duties (tax) on non-British goods shipped to the colonies. In other words, anything that was not sold by the British, cost the colonists more money. • It also restricted the sale of lumber to only Britain. • And INCREASED ENFORCEMENT of duties/taxes on molasses from the West Indies to stop smuggling!
Why would the cost of sugar affect the colonists? What did they need sugar for? • Answer: To make and sell rum. • If sugar (a necessary ingredient in making rum), cost them more it would cut into their profits. They would make less money on the rum—which was a huge New England industry at the time. This impacted manufacturers, merchants, and the shipping industry.
1764 • Currency Act. This act prohibited American colonies from issuing their own currency, angering many American colonists.
This meant that colonies must pay all taxes with gold or silver coins. • The more taxes that were required, the more gold and silver went to England, making it more and more scarce in the colonies. • Without currency of their own, forced to pay for everything with gold, silver, or bartering (trading one thing for another), it became increasingly difficult for colonists to buy the things they needed.
1764 • Beginnings of Colonial Opposition. American colonists responded to the Sugar Act and the Currency Act with protest. By the end of the year, many colonies were refusing to use imported English goods.
1765 • The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament
The act levied a tax on all newspapers, legal documents, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards and dice by requiring that they bear a stamp. • The money from the tax was to be used to pay for the defense of the colonies.
The STAMP ACT ignited a major spark of the American Revolution. • With no representatives in parliament to plead their case, the colonists grew increasingly angry at having no say in laws being passed that affected their lives. • They protested against… “taxation without representation.”
1765 The Stamp Act Congress • Meeting in New York City, this group of colonists sent petitions to King George III and to Parliament, saying Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. • Parliament and the king ignored the petitions.
Becoming increasingly frustrated at not being heard, American opposition was intense. Merchants refused to buy British goods (boycotts), stamp agents were threatened and official stamps were destroyed.
Tarring and Feathering • After the enactment of the Stamp Act, it was common to threaten or attack British government employees in the colonies. One way was by tar and feathering.
Applying the burning hot tar to bare skin usually caused painful blistering and efforts to remove it often made the condition worse. The adding of feathers which stuck to the tar added to the humiliation and made the victim a comical figure.
Tar could easily be found in the shipyards and everyone had feathers in their pillows. With the materials at hand, tarring and feathering was a common threat and punishment. Though the tarring was not usually fatal, it was extremely unpleasant.
By November 1, 1765, the day the Stamp Act tax went into effect, there were no stamp commissioners left in the colonies to collect it.
1765 • Quartering Act.The British further angered American colonists with the Quartering Act, which required the colonies to provide barracks and supplies to British troops.
1767 • Townshend Acts. To help pay the expenses involved in governing the American colonies, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, which initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.
October 1, 1768 • British troops arrive in Boston to quell the growing unrest in the American colonies
March 5 1770 • Boston Massacre. The arrival of troops in Boston provoked conflict between citizens and soldiers. • A group of soldiers surrounded by an unfriendly crowd opened fire, killing five Americans.
May 10 1773 • The Tea Act. Passed in Parliament to save the British East India Company - a British company- from bankruptcy. • No new tax was imposed but what this act did was take the tea from the East India Company and ship it directly to the colonies to be sold at a bargain price. Because the act did away with the tax on British tea but kept the tax on the colonists’ tea, the company was able to undersell the colonial merchants’ tea. • The British company's unfair advantage led to the near destruction of the American tea merchants trade.
December 16 1773 Boston Tea Party • In protest over the Tea Act, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians boarded three British ships in Boston Harbor and threw the valuable tea overboard.
May 13, 1774 • Thomas Gage (British General) replaced the colonial Governor of Boston.
INTOLERABLE ACTS (aka Coercive Acts) To PUNISH the people of BOSTON for the Boston Tea Party!
September 5 - October 251774 • Twelve colonies, all but Georgia, sent 56 delegates to Philadelphia to participate in the First Continental Congress. • The purpose of the First Continental Congress was to debate and plan a unified response to British policy and actions. It was the first time many of these influential men had met face to face.
September 1774 • General Gage, the Governor of Boston, responded to increased threats of violence from the American colonists by fortifying Boston Neck, the thin spit of land connecting Boston to the mainland. • This move effectively meant that Britain closed the city of Boston off from the rest of Massachusetts, placing the city under siege.
October 1774 • General Gage dissolved the Massachusetts General Court in an attempt to lessen the power of the colonists and increase the power of the king in Massachusetts.
