70.5170

1. 70.5170 Frequency Index value

2. Soil and mineral nutrition • Soil is a complex product of the interaction between living organisms and their terrestrial environment • Soils are very heterogeneous • Soil texture describes the relative contribution of particle with different sizes that impart different characteristics and affect plant performance

3. Most plants depend on soil to obtain water and mineral nutrition • The pH of soil is an important characteristic that affects nutrient intake • Essential nutrients are indispensable for plant growth and reproduction • Most plants depend on mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with fungi) to increase phosphorus and other minerals from the soil

4. Stem x.s. of Lycopersicon (tomato) Adventitious roots (develop from stems) Fibrous root enlarging radicle, or embryonic root taproot

5. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10

6. Contain suberin, a fatty waterproof material Water enters by osmosis Nutrient minerals enter by passing through carrier proteins in the membranes

8. Root x.s. of Zea mays (corn) Epidermis Cortex cell Endodermis Pericycle cell Pith cell Xylem vessel element Phloem cell http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10

10. Soil is composed of • Inorganic mineral particles • Organic matter • Water • Air The texture, or structural characteristic of a soil is determined by the percentages (by weight) of the different-sized inorganic mineral particles -sand (0.02-2 mm), silt (0.002-0.02 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm), -

13. A loam: 40 % sand, 40 % silt, and 20 % clay

18. Igneous rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/igneous/igneousbox.html

19. Metamorphic rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/metamorphic/metamorphicbox.html

20. Sedimentary rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/sedimentary/sedimentarybox.html

31. Elements required by plants(macronutrients, >0.05% dry weight) Table 34-2 pp. 744

32. Elements required by plants(micronutrients, <0.05% dry weight) • Chlorine, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Molybdenum • Parts of enzymes and Ionic balance. Table 34-2 pp. 744

37. Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azotobacter (ae) and Clostridium (an) Plant proteins Animal proteins Nitrogen wastes Gain from atmosphere Decay bacteria and Fungi Ammonium NH4 Ammonia Loss to Atmosphere Nitrates, NO3 Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria e.g. Nitrosomonas Denitrifying bacteria e.g. Nitrobacter Nitrites, NO2 The Nitrogen Cycle

38. Endophytes:Legume/Rhizobium nodules http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/RootSymbioses.htm

39. Occurs in 90 % of all plant families Above: Ectomycorrhyzae Below: Endomycorrhyzae MOORE-LANDECKER. 1990. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FUNGI. PRENTICE HALL. ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS. Pp. 481, fig. 15-9; 483, fig. 15-10

40. Total mass (g) of mycorrhyzae present absent Andropogon gerardii 89 66 Sorghastrum nutans 121 62 Wilson and Hartnett. American Journal of Botany 84 No, 4, 1997

41. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

45. epidermis Cross-section of Ranunculus root (buttercup) stele cortex immature Notice numerous amyloplasts which store starch Mature http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10

46. Close up of Cross-section of Ranunculus root Intercellular spaces immature Cortex cells Endodermis cells Pericycle cells Phloem cells Xylem vessel element Mature http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10

47. Cation exchange

48. Neutral pH near 7 Acid pH, 4-5