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Radiation Accidents 1- Definition of Radiation Accident 2- Sources of Radiation Accidents 3- Types of Radiation Exposure

Radiation Accidents 2 nd Qatar International Trauma Care, Disaster & Emergency Medicine Conformance April 7-11, 2004 Prof. Dr. M. I. Al-Jarallah King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Radiation Accidents 1- Definition of Radiation Accident

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Radiation Accidents 1- Definition of Radiation Accident 2- Sources of Radiation Accidents 3- Types of Radiation Exposure

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  1. Radiation Accidents2nd Qatar International Trauma Care, Disaster & Emergency Medicine Conformance April 7-11, 2004Prof. Dr. M. I. Al-JarallahKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

  2. Radiation Accidents 1- Definition of Radiation Accident 2- Sources of Radiation Accidents 3- Types of Radiation Exposures 4- Biological Effects of Radiation 5- Acute Radiation Syndrome 6- Evaluation of Radiation Accidents 7- Worldwide Radiation Accidents and Illicit Trafficking 8- Prevention of Radiation Accidents Radiation Accidents

  3. Radiation Accidents 1- Definition of Radiation Accident a. Accident is defined as an unintentional or unexpected happening that is undesirable or unfortunate, especially one resulting in injury, damage, harm or loss. b. Radiation accident here can be defined as a situation which results in any unplanned radiation exposure or any unplanned release of radioactive material leading to radiation exposure. Radiation Accidents

  4. Radiation Accidents 2- Sources of Radiation Accidents Sources of radiation can be categorized as follows: a. Sealed or encapsulated sources b. Unsealed sources c. Machine producing radiation Radiation Accidents

  5. Radiation Accidents Routinely used in the field in road construction and similar applications Contain both a gamma-ray source and a neutron source 0.3 GBq 137Cs 1.5 GBq 241Am/Be About 30 are stolen each year in the USA alone; only 40% are recovered Moisture-Density Gauges Radiation Accidents

  6. Radiation Accidents Alpha - Sources: 241Am, 239Plutonium, 226Radium Activity: kBq (µCi) Smoke Detector Radiation Accidents

  7. Radiation Accidents Contain 0.1-5 TBq of 60Co, 192Ir, or 137Cs About 1000 times more radioactivity than moisture density gauges Radiography Sources Radiation Accidents

  8. Radiation Accidents Food irradiator 400 000 TBq 60Co Teletherapy unit (500 TBq 60Co) Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (1000 TBq 90Sr) High-intensity Sources Radiation Accidents

  9. Radiation Accidents Radiation accidents can arise mainly from problems with: A. Nuclear Reactors B. Industrial Sources C. Medical Sources These accidents arise because of: a. Loss of shielding, resulting in high radiation levels. b. Loss of containment resulting in a release of activity. c. An uncontrolled criticality, which is, effectively, the rapid generation of a large radioactive source and high levels of radiation. Radiation Accidents

  10. Radiation Accidents 3- Types of Radiation Exposures a. External Exposure. b. Contamination with Radioactive Sources. c. Combination of the above two. Contamination is defined as unwanted radioactive material on in the body Radiation Accidents

  11. Radiation Accidents 4- Biological Effects of Radiation How Radiation can Lead to Damage in Tissue Radiation Electrical Effect (Ionization) Physical & Chemical Changes Damage to DNA Cell Death Cell Transformation EarlyEffect Hereditary Defects Cancer Radiation Accidents

  12. Radiation Accidents 5- Acute Radiation Syndrome For Gamma Radiation to the whole body Radiation Accidents

  13. Radiation Accidents Discarded teletherapysource in Thailand, ~25 TBq Co-60 Georgian woodsmen injured by discarded 1500 TBq Sr-90 RTG sources Incidents with very high-intensity sources have caused accidents involving peopleunaware of what they were dealing with Radiation Accidents

  14. Radiation Accidents 6- Evaluation of Radiation Accidents The essential factor in evaluating the medical consequences of radiation accidents includes information on the following: a. External radiation (neutron, Xray or gamma radiation) and penetration. b. Low-energy surface external reaction (beta radiation). c. Initial surface contamination (important for evaluation of oral or transdermal intake of radionuclides). d. Exposure to gaseous forms of radinuclides (eg. noble gases). Radiation Accidents

  15. Radiation Accidents 7- Worldwide Radiation Accidents & Illicit Trafficking Incidents with Radioactive Sourcesgrouped for Activity Radiation Accidents

  16. Radiation Accidents Frequency of various Nuclides Radiation Accidents

  17. Radiation Accidents We can summarize the radiation accidents that resulted in radiation injury in medicine and industry in the following table: Radiation Accidents

  18. Radiation Accidents 8- Prevention of Radiation Accidents The turning point in global interest of radiation safety and security problems was the International conference on Safety of Radiation Sources and Security of Radioactive Materials. The conference was cosponsored by the IAEA together with INTERPOL, the World Customs Organization, and the European Commission. It took place from September 14 to 18, 1998 in Dijon, France. I quote here some of the major findings of the Dijon Conference, which are strongly related to our topic: Radiation Accidents

  19. Radiation Accidents a- Sources of ionizing radiation must have sufficient protection to allow for safe normal operations. b- The possibility of accidental exposures involving radiation sources, must be anticipated and there must be appropriate safety devices and procedures. In this connection: Radiation Accidents

  20. Radiation Accidents i- weaknesses in the design and construction of radiation sources must be corrected; ii- a high level of safety culture in the handling of radiation sources must be promoted, so that — inter alia — human errors are minimized through good training; and the concept of safety culture was to make it clear that safety should be the highest priority in organization handling radiation sources, which should be prepared to identify and correct problems promptly; that clear lines of responsibility should be established, not only for organization in handling sources but also in the governmental agencies controlling the use of sources. The lines of authority for decision making should be clearly defined. iii- regulatory infrastructures for the control of radiation sources must be supported by governments and be able to act independently, and the regulatory authority in each country must maintain oversight of all radiation sources in that country. Radiation Accidents

  21. Radiation Accidents c- Radiation sources should not be allowed to drop out of the regulatory control system. This means that the regulatory authority must keep up-to-date records of the person responsible for each source, monitor transfers of sources and track the fate of each source at the end of its useful life. d-Efforts should be made to find radiation sources that are not in the regulatory authority’s inventory, because they were in the country before the inventory was established, or were never specifically licensed or were lost, abandoned or stolen (such radiation sources are often referred to as “orphan” sources) Radiation Accidents

  22. Radiation Accidents Conclusion It is clear from these points that the key common element is effective national regulatory authorities operating, within suitable national infrastructures. Therefore: a- Governments are urged to create regulatory authorities for radiation sources if they do not exist. b- The government must provide it with sufficient backing and with sufficient human and financial resources to enable it to function effectively. Radiation Accidents

  23. Radiation Accidents Thank you Radiation Accidents

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