1 / 32

WWII, Cold War, Korean War

WWII, Cold War, Korean War. American History II - Unit 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrneWzXJVAo. Review. What differences contributed to post-war tensions between the US and USSR? Capitalism and democracy vs. communist dictatorship

tmcmorrow
Download Presentation

WWII, Cold War, Korean War

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. WWII, Cold War, Korean War American History II - Unit 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrneWzXJVAo

  2. Review • What differences contributed to post-war tensions between the US and USSR? • Capitalism and democracy vs. communist dictatorship • US angry that Stalin supported Hitler, Stalin angry Truman kept the bomb a secret • US wanted to reunite Germany, USSR wanted to keep Germany divided • Why did Stalin feel justified in establishing satellite nations? • USSR suffered large casualties and physical destruction in the war – wanted to use satellite nations as a buffer for future attacks and as mines for natural resources • What does the “iron curtain” refer to? • The division in between western Europe (and NATO) and eastern Europe (Warsaw Pact) • What steps did the US take to try to contain communism in Europe? • Truman Doctrine – aid to any nation resisting communism • Marshall Plan – aid to rebuild war torn European countries • Berlin Airlift – supplies to west Berlin while resisting Soviet forces • Establishment of NATO – pledged military support in case of a USSR attack

  3. 5.7 – The Korean War and Escalating Cold War

  4. Democratic-Republican Shift • July 28, 1948 – Truman issued Executive Order 9981  desegregated military • Election of 1948 • Democrat – Truman • Republican – Dewey • States’ Rights Democrat (“Dixiecrat”) – Thurmond • Truman won, narrowly, but with the help much of the African American and minority vote

  5. China: Nationalists vs. Communists • Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist (almost totalitarian) leader of China • Favored in southern and eastern China • Supported by US • 1945-49 - $3B in US aid • Some American officials viewed Chiang as inefficient and corrupt • Mao Zedong – head of Communist Party and Red Army • Favored in northern china • Relied on USSR aid • Attracted peasants through promising land reform, literacy education, and more food production • By 1945, much of northern China under communist control

  6. Civil War in China • After WWII (Japan no longer a threat), Nationalists and Communists no longer cooperate • 1945-49, US supported Nationalists ($, not troops) • May 1949 – Chiang and supporters fled to Taiwan • “Formosa” to Westerners • Communists established People’s Republic of China (PRD)  US refused to recognize gov’t

  7. America’s Response to PRC • Containment failed! China became Communist! • Truman attacked for not doing more to support Chinese Nationalists  State Dep’t said Communism in China resulted from internal forces, not external influence • Some Conservatives in Congress didn’t accept that excuse… believed the American gov’t was riddled with Communist agents  panic concerning Communism rising in America

  8. Korea • 1910 – Japan annexed Korea • August 1945 • Japanese north of 38th parallel surrendered to USSR • Japanese south of the 38th parallel surrendered to US • Post-war Korea was divided in half along the 38th parallel (like Germany)

  9. Korea • June 1949 – only 500 American troops in South Korea • Soviets believed US would not fight to defend South Korea • Soviets backed North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money to take over entire peninsula

  10. The Korean War • June 25, 1950 – NK launched surprise attack on SK • Korean War - 1950-53, conflict between NK and SK, US and UN nations supported SK, China supported NK • South Korea petitioned the UN for help  vote passed to help SK • USSR not present due to their UN boycott – angry due to UN acknowledgment of Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan • Soviets could not veto UN’s resolution

  11. The Korean War • June 27, 1950 • US troops in Japan reported to SK • 16 nations (including US) sent 520,000 troops + 590,000 SK troops • SK All troops under command of General Douglas MacArthur (WWII hero)

  12. MacArthur’s Counterattack Yalu River • At first, NK forces controlled most of the peninsula • Sept. 15, 1950 – MacArthur launched surprise amphibious attack on Inchon while troops approached from Pusan  trapped NK forces, surrendered and retreated past to 38th parallel line • Nov. 1950 – UN troops reached the Yalu River  Korea might be whole again… Inchon Pusan Wikipedia GIF on Korean War

  13. Chinese Fight Back • Nov. 1950 – Chinese troops joined NK • Did not want US troops near the border, NK as a buffer between SK and Communist China • Korean War = China vs. US • Chinese pushed US troops south, away from the NK-China border  progress further south and capture Seoul in Jan. 1951 • Stalemate – no substantial advances

  14. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China • To end stalemate, MacArthur called for nuclear weapon use on China • Truman disagreed  China aligned with Soviet Union, bombing China = World War III • War with China would be “the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy.” – General Omar Bradley • SK and US forces begin attempt to advance on NK troops  April 1951 – Seoul retaken and NK at 38th parallel…. SQUARE ONE!

  15. MacArthur vs. Truman • McArthur – WAR WITH CHINA! • Spoke with newspaper and magazine publishers… even Republican leaders • Truman – ABSOLUTELY NOT! • Despite warnings from superiors, McArthur continued to undermine and criticize Truman  April 11, 1951 – Truman fired MacArthur • Initially, most Americans shocked, supported MacArthur (WWII hero!) • After a while, public opinion swayed and Americans realized Truman’s case for limiting the war was a logical and smart move.

  16. Truce • Long, bloody stalemate  June 23, 1951 – USSR suggested a cease-fire, truce talks followed • Location of the cease-fire line to be at the existing battle line • Establishment of a demilitarized zone (area without military activities) between NK and SK • Agreement did not fully please Truman • Korea still two separate nations (US = ) • Communism contained without using atomic weapons (US = )

  17. Post-Korean War • Korean War Impact • 54,000 US lives lost • $67B • Increased fear of domestic communist aggression and influence • High cost and low reward result of Korean War turned many Americans away from the Democratic Party • Election of 1952 • Democrat – Adlai Stevenson • Republican – Dwight D. Eisenhower (WWII hero) • 34th POTUS - Eisenhower

  18. Dwight D. Eisenhower • 34th POTUS - 1952-1960 • Moderate Republican (Americans tired of Democrats, in office since 1933) • WWII hero (General, led Operation Torch, Operation Overlord) • “I like Ike!” campaign slogan • Raised minimum wage, compromised on civil rights, extended social security, increased funding for public housing, created a national interstate highway system

  19. Escalating Cold War

  20. Race for the H-Bomb • 1949 - Soviet Union tested atomic bomb • Truman vs Stalin race for the H-bomb – hydrogen bomb • 67x more destructive than the atomic bomb • Nov. 1, 1952 – US tested first H-bomb • 1953 – Soviets tested H-bomb

  21. Policy of Brinkmanship • Sec of State, John Foster Dulles, staunch anti-communist • Dulles proposed to threaten any aggressor communist nation with nuclear weapons • Brinkmanship – the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out nuclear war • US trimmed army/navy, expanded air force, increased nuclear weapon supply • Constant fear of nuclear warfare

  22. Nikita Khrushchev • 1953 – Stalin died, a series of leaders take control for a few years until 1955 • Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader who believed that communism would take over the world, however do this peacefully • Favored a policy of coexistence in which US and USSR would compete economically and scientifically

  23. Open-Skies Proposal • July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland  Eisenhower suggested “open-skies” proposal • The US and USSR would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks  build trust and decrease tensions • Soviets rejected the plan. • However, seen as step towards global peacekeeping.

  24. The Suez War • 1955 – Egypt to build dam on Nile River • Egypt played USSR and US to see who would give better aid  GB and US agreed but US withdrew offer later • Egypt angered and took control of the Suez Canal (owned by France and GB) • France, GB, and Israel sent troops and seized a part of the canal • UN stepped in  troops withdrawn and canal in Egypt’s control

  25. Eisenhower Doctrine • USSR supported Egypt in the Suez War  Soviet prestige to rise in the Middle East • Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957, US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

  26. CIA • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – gov’t agency that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts • Established in 1947 • Used extensively by Eisenhower’s administration to organize missions to prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East and Latin America • Tested different types of weapons to study effectiveness (ex: psychedelics)

  27. Hungarian Uprising • 1956 – Hungary revolted against Soviet control for a democratic gov’t • Soviet troops killed 30,000 Hungarians • 200,000 Hungarians fled west • Truman Doctrine promised aid to countries resisting Communist powers, the US did nothing to help Hungary  Hungarians bitter and disappointed • No UN help either, all proposals were vetoed by USSR • What would Hungary’s position as a satellite nation have to do with the US denying aid?

  28. Space Race • US vs USSR desire for international power/prestige  Space Race • Who can get a man into outer space first • USSR victory – Oct. 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite that took pictures of Earth as it orbited it • US increased space funding  Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

  29. U-2 Incident • “Open-skies” proposal rejected by USSR, however, US CIA continued to fly planes over USSR secretly to track military mov’t and missile sites • U-2 plane – could fly at high altitudes without being detected • By 1960, US officials nervous about U-2 program • Existence and purpose of U-2 planes was an open secret among some American press  Soviets had been aware of the flights for a few years • Eisenhower called for the discontinuation of the U-2 program, but not before 1 last flight

  30. U-2 Incident • May 1, 1960 – Francis Gary Powers piloted a plane over Soviet territory • Shot down • Parachuted into Soviet territory • Sentenced to 10 years in Soviet prison • Released after 18 months in return for a Soviet agent convicted of spying in the US • Came to be known as the U-2 Incident

  31. The U-2 Incident • Khrushchev demanded apology for spying U-2 planes • Eisenhower agreed to stop flight, but would not apologize • Khrushchev called off soon-to-be peace summit and withdrew Eisenhower’s invitation to visit the USSR  Tensions growing between US and USSR

More Related