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Chapter Overview

Chapter Overview. Network Operating Systems Network Clients Directory Services. Microsoft Windows for Workgroups Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows Me. Windows Operating Systems. Microsoft Windows NT Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows XP Professional

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Chapter Overview

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  1. Chapter Overview • Network Operating Systems • Network Clients • Directory Services

  2. Microsoft Windows for Workgroups Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows Me Windows Operating Systems • Microsoft Windows NT • Microsoft Windows 2000 • Microsoft Windows XP Professional • Microsoft Windows .NET Server

  3. Microsoft Windows NT • First released in 1993 • Provides preemptive multitasking • Integrates networking into the operating system

  4. Workstation Server Windows NT/Windows 2000 Versions • Professional • Server • Advanced Server • Datacenter Server

  5. FAT File System • The file allocation table (FAT) is compatible with MS-DOS–based operating systems. • The original version (FAT16) supports drives up to 2 GB only. • FAT32 supports drives of virtually any size.

  6. NT File System (NTFS) • Supports larger files and drives than FAT does • Provides increased security • Supported by Windows NT and Windows 2000 • Not supported by MS-DOS–based operating systems

  7. Windows NT/Windows 2000 Mandatory Networking Services • Server • Workstation • Computer Browser • Messenger • Alerter • Netlogon

  8. Windows NT/Windows 2000 Optional Networking Services • Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) • Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) • Domain Name System (DNS) Server • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server • Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) • Distributed file system (Dfs) • Microsoft Cluster Server

  9. Novell NetWare • First commercially successful network operating system • Former market leader • Pure client/server operating system

  10. NetWare Versions • 3.2: final bindery version • 6.0: latest Novell Directory Services (NDS) version

  11. Comparison of Operating System Design Objectives • Novell NetWare was originally designed to provide file and print services. • UNIX was designed to provide application services. • Microsoft Windows was designed to provide both application services and file and print services.

  12. NetWare File System • Uses name space modules to support native client file systems • Provides individual file and folder security

  13. NetWare Protocols • Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) • Proprietary • Supported by all NetWare versions • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • Limited support in NetWare 4.x • Native support added to version 5.0and later versions

  14. UNIX Variants • UNIX System V • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX • Sun Solaris • Linux • Hardware-specific UNIX variants

  15. UNIX Characteristics • Peer-to-peer operating system • Character-based interface • Uses TCP/IP • Designed primarily as an application server • Runs on various processors • Based on the open source software concept

  16. Original Macintosh Networking • Built-in network interface adapter • Proprietary AppleTalk protocols • AppleShare file and print services

  17. Current Macintosh Networking • Uses EtherTalk and TokenTalk • Uses TCP/IP • Usually used on all-Macintosh networks

  18. Network Clients and Client Types • A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. • The client types are • Client applications • Client modules

  19. Client Applications • Separate programs that communicate with a server in the network • Examples: • Web browsers • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) clients • E-mail clients • Newsreaders

  20. Client Modules • Integrated into an operating system • Provide other applications with access to server resources

  21. Windows Networking Stack

  22. Redirectors • A redirector is an operating system component that forwards resource requests generated by an application to a network server. • Windows can run multiple client redirectors simultaneously. • Multiple redirectors can use different protocols.

  23. Using Multiple Redirectors

  24. Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW) • Included with Windows 2000 and Windows NT Server • Provides basic NetWare connectivity • Must be used with NWLink • Functions as a gateway that enables computers running Windows without NetWare clients to access NetWare resources

  25. Novell Clients for Windows • Included with Novell NetWare • Offers the following versions: • Novell Client for DOS/Windows • Novell Client for Windows 95/Windows 98/Windows Me • Novell Client for Windows NT/Windows 2000

  26. Novell Clients for Windows (Cont.) • Use Novell’s IPX, not NWLink • Can use Open Data-link Interface (ODI) or Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) network adapter drivers • Can run NetWare Administrator

  27. Macintosh Connectivity Tools • Microsoft Services for Macintosh • Novell Client for MacOS • Novell Native File Access for Macintosh

  28. UNIX Client Capabilities • Includes TCP/IP client programs • Requires additional products for client file system access

  29. Directory Service Types • Flat file • Hierarchical

  30. NetWare Bindery • Used by NetWare version 3.2 and earlier • Database of user and group accounts for a single NetWare server

  31. Novell Directory Services • Introduced in NetWare 4.0 • Originally called NetWare Directory Services • Consists of objects arranged in a hierarchical structure

  32. NDS Hierarchy

  33. NDS Objects and Object Types • Objects are logical entities composed of units of data called properties. • There are two types of objects: • Container objects. Organizational objects that can hold other containers or leaves • Leaf objects. Objects that represent network resources

  34. Windows NT Domains • Flat file directory database • Not server specific • Stored on domain controllers

  35. Windows NT Domain Controllers • Primary Domain Controller (PDC). Contains master copy of directory database • Backup Domain Controller (BDC). Contains replicas of the master directory database

  36. Single Master Replication

  37. Active Directory Hierarchy • Introduced in Windows 2000 Server • Hierarchical directory service based on Windows NT domains • Expands the domain concept into the enterprise • Domains can be grouped into trees. • Trees can be grouped into forests.

  38. Multiple Master Replication

  39. Chapter Summary • The Windows NT, Windows 2000, and UNIX operating systems include both server and client functionality. • Novell NetWare is strictly a client/server network operating system. • Windows NT and Windows 2000 were designed to provide application services and file and print services. • A client is a software component that enables a computer to access server resources. • Client types include client applications and client modules. • A directory service is a centralized database of user accounts and other information that administrators use to control access to shared network resources. • Active Directory replicates changes to the data on any domain controller to all of the other domain controllers on the network.

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