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Recent CO 2 gradients over Europe M.Ramonet, P.Ciais et al.

Recent CO 2 gradients over Europe M.Ramonet, P.Ciais et al. Marine & Continental sites over Europe. The CO 2 time series over Europe. PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (selected data) HH1 (selected data) PAL (selected data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask). PUY (all data)

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Recent CO 2 gradients over Europe M.Ramonet, P.Ciais et al.

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  1. Recent CO2 gradients over Europe M.Ramonet, P.Ciais et al.

  2. Marine & Continental sites over Europe

  3. The CO2 time series over Europe PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (selected data) HH1 (selected data) PAL (selected data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask) PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (all data) HH1 (all data) PAL (all data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask) Monthly means or individual flask data

  4. The CO2 time series over Europe

  5. Mean seasonal gradients

  6. Annual CO2 offset to Mace Head

  7. Sensitivity to the ref. site

  8. Sensitivity to the data selection

  9. Seasonal 5-years trends

  10. What are the main drivers for trend and interannual variability of CO2 gradients over Europe ?

  11. Winter NAO Winter (Dec-Mar) Station Based NAO Index http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.data.html#naostatmon

  12. PBL height from radiosoundings • Mean SUMMER inland trend: 200m/10years: 2%/year • Mean YEAR inland: 100m/10years: 1%/year Vautard et al.

  13. PBL height from ECMWF • Comparison ECMWF vs radiosoundings ? • Strong interest for collocated observations of PBL height and CO2

  14. Fossil fuel emissions from CDIAC Eastern = Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Eastern europe Western = France, UK, Ireland, Benelux Mediterranean = Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece Northern = Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, + 3 baltic states Paris et al.

  15. SOURCE SINK Sea surface CO2 in N.Atlantic fCO2 (µatm) calculated with DIC and TA (53°N - 62°N) Atmosphere (MHD) The ocean fCO2 evolution is mainly related to sea surface warming, up to 2°C since 1993 and results in a large changes for the air-sea CO2 fluxes Corbières et al., 2007 8

  16. Calculation of CO2 gradients

  17. BSC BAL Influence of the flask sampling time BSC: Local Time - 2 hour(s) = UTC BAL: Local Time - 1 hour(s) = UTC

  18. Influence of the flask sampling time All flasks Selected flasks

  19. Seasonal trends compared to Mace Head PUY (all data) ORL (2000-3000m) SCH (selected data) HH1 (selected data) PAL (selected data) BAL (ESRL/NOAA flask) BSC (ESRL/NOAA flask)

  20. Comparison of CO2 & CO trends CO2 CO NOAA flasks

  21. EU carbon fluxes [1995-2000] vs [2001-2005] CO2 gradient increased by ~35% ~ +0.3 PgC y-1 Fossil fuel increased by ~3% ~ +0.03 PgC y-1 2003 anomaly Ecosystems = +0.5 PgC y-1 [Ciais et al., 2005] Fossil fuel = +0.9 ± 0.02 PgC y-1 [UNFCC: 1990-2003] Ecosystems = -0.11 ± 0.28 PgC y-1 [Janssens et al., 2003] => European carbon balance +0.8 ± 0.3 PgC y-1

  22. CO2 gradients between many continental sites (PUY, ORL, HH1, BAL, BSC) and marine sites over Europe are higher (~35%) in 2001‑2005 compared to 1993‑2000. • Not highly sensitive to the data selection schemes. • Some sites (PUY, BAL) show a higher signal in Spring. • Fossil fuel emissions are increasing (+3%), but do not seem to explain the observed signal (factor of 10). CO gradients are not increasing (BAL, BSC, HUN). • Results consistent with Ciais et al.(2005) => 3-5 years anomaly ? • To be investigated: • Changes in the atmospheric transport • Changes in the spatial distribution of anthropogenic sources • Other dataset (eddy flux time series, satellite data, ...)

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