The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism

1. CHAPTER 28 The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism Section 1: The Postwar Era Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union

2. Section 1: The Postwar Era Objectives: • Explain how scientific theories affected thinking in other areas of life. • Identify ways in which writers, musicians, painters, and architects experimented with new forms. • Describe how popular culture and consumerism affected societies.

3. SECTION 1 The Postwar Era Question: What were some developments in science and art in the post World War I era?

4. Section 1: The Postwar Era The Effects of Scientific Events and Ideas • A global epidemic • Scientific and social theories • Why had society been afraid of technology and science? • What outside factors held it back throughout history?

5. Section 1: The Postwar Era New Directions in Literature • Dissatisfaction with traditional ideas, disillusionment • Examination of unconscious motivations • Surrealism • Poetry without rhyme with lines of varying lengths • How can we relate this to expressing ourselves today?

6. Section 1: The Postwar Era New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture • Music – Stravinsky, Schoenberg; radio gave rise to jazz • Painting – Picasso created cubism; Dali used surrealism • Architecture – Sullivan used functionalism, developed skyscraper; Frank Lloyd Wright influenced international style

7. Section 1: The Postwar Era Popular Culture and Consumerism • Entertainment – motion pictures, sports • Consumer culture – more luxury items purchased, radio advertising, buying on credit, prohibition • How did these ideas change our current society?

8. SECTION 2 Postwar Prosperity Crumbles Question: What economic weaknesses led to the Great Depression?

9. SECTION 1 The Postwar Era Science and Art in the Postwar Era Causes Effect helped people understand the devastation of World War I Freudian psychology combined conscious and unconscious to portray life in a dreamlike way surrealism buildings designed for particular use instead of following style functionalism

10. Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles Objectives: • Identify the weaknesses that appeared in the global economy during the postwar era. • Describe how nations initially responded to the Great Depression. • Explain how the New Deal marked a shift in the U.S. government’s relationship with its citizens and the economy.

11. Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles Signs of Economic Troubles • Farmers – farmers struggled while industry prospered • Protectionism – economic nationalism • Speculation and panic – risky investments in stock market, Black Tuesday occurred when stock market crashed • What does a rumor do? Compare your answer to how they inspired the Great Depression.

12. Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles The Great Depression • Destroyed surpluses • Tried economic nationalism • How is average citizen affected?

13. Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles The New Deal • Program of relief and reform • Social Security Act provided for unemployment and old-age benefits

14. SECTION 2 buying stocks easy credit high stock prices panic selling of stocks stock market crash bank closures run on the banks financial ruin for many defensive international trading practices global depression worldwide bank failures Postwar Prosperity Crumbles

15. SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Political Tensions After World War I Question: What problems did the war cause in postwar France?

16. Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I Objectives: • Describe the difficulties that France faced during the postwar years. • Explain how the British government dealt with its domestic problems. • Identify the problems that weakened eastern European governments.

17. Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I France’s Postwar Difficulties • The economy – government and individuals were in debt • International affairs – Locarno Pact pledged that countries would peacefully settle all future disputes • Political unrest – strikes in various industries; Popular Front came to power, then fell; extremist actions

18. Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I Great Britain After World War I • Labor troubles – outdated industry, unemployment • Ireland - bloody revolt against Great Britain; Irish Republican Army fought for independence

19. Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I Eastern Europe • Weak economies • Conflicts between socialists and conservatives • New boundaries caused unrest

20. war debt France:World War I physical destruction defense costs SECTION 3 Political Tensions After World War I

21. SECTION 4 Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and Germany Question: Why did people embrace totalitarianism?

22. Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships Objectives: • Describe how Benito Mussolini transformed Italy into a fascist state. • Explain why the Weimar Republic failed. • Trace how Adolf Hitler became an important figure in Germany. • Describe how the Nazis used power in Germany.

23. Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Fascist doctrine – dictatorship and totalitarianism, opposed communism and democracy • Mussolini’s rise to power – appointed Fascists to all official positions in center government • The corporatist state – major economic activities were organized similar to corporations

24. Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships The Weimar Republic • Treaty of Versailles was humiliating, opposed Germany’s interests • High unemployment, soaring inflation

25. Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships The Nazis and Hitler • Nazi Party was extremely nationalistic, anti-Semitic, and anticommunist • Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which planned for racial purity, promised to repeal Treaty of Versailles

26. Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships The Nazis in Power • Created anticommunist hysteria

27. SECTION 5 Dictatorship in the SovietUnion Question: What were some of the problems faced by the new Soviet Union?

28. Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union Objectives: • Identify the terms of the New Economic Policy. • Describe how Stalin shaped the Soviet economy. • Explain why Stalin imprisoned and executed millions of Soviet people.

29. Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union Russia Under Lenin • New Economic Policy – nationalized industries, collectivized arms • Women’s roles – gave women more rights • Education was priority

30. Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union The Five-Year Plan • Ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goals to create a modern, industrialized society • Caused hardships for Soviet people, were forced to comply

31. Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union Stalin’s Dictatorship • Government under Stalin – purge of disloyal party members, extended to general population • Foreign policy – wanted rest of world to accept Soviet Union, but tried to spread Communist revolution

32. SECTION 5 Dictatorship in the SovietUnion Problems of the New Soviet Union Attempted Solution Problem Results near economic collapse in 1921 Lenin’s New Economic Policy allowed some free enterprise moderately successful failed: famine resulted agriculture collective farms Stalin emerged as victor power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin savage and brutal competition succeeded in reviving industry somewhat little economic growth Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan no increase in consumer goods or food second Five-Year Plan industry continued growing, but the people starved

33. CHAPTER 28 Chapter Wrap-Up • 1. Why did western European nations and the United States fail to respond to Germany’s violations of the Treaty of Versailles? • 2. How did Hitler use Germany’s democratic system to gain control over the country? • 3. How did the work of Freud and Einstein influence culture during the 1920s?