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Diode Operation: Majority Carriers, p-n Junctions, and Operating Conditions

Learn about majority and minority carriers in diodes, p-n junction formation, and the three operating conditions (no bias, forward bias, reverse bias) of diodes. Understand diode characteristics, resistance levels, equivalent circuit, capacitance, and types of diodes.

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Diode Operation: Majority Carriers, p-n Junctions, and Operating Conditions

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  1. Majority Carriers The majority carriers in n-type materials are electrons. The majority carriers in p-type materials are holes. Minority Carriers The minority carriers in n-type materials are holes. The minority carriers in p-type materials are electrons. Majority and Minority Carriers

  2. One end of a silicon or germanium crystal can be doped as a p-type material and the other end as an n-type material. The result is a p-n junction. p-n Junctions

  3. The result is the formation of a depletion region around the junction. p-n Junction

  4. p-n Junction

  5. p-n Junction

  6. The diode is a 2-terminal device. Diodes A diode ideally conducts in only one direction.

  7. A diode has three operating conditions: No bias Forward bias Reverse bias Diode Operating Conditions

  8. No Bias No external voltage is applied: VD = 0 V No current is flowing: ID = 0 A Only a modest depletion region exists Diode Operating Conditions

  9. Reverse Bias External voltage is applied across the p-n junction in the opposite polarity of the p- and n-type materials. Diode Operating Conditions

  10. Reverse Bias Diode Operating Conditions The reverse voltage causes the depletion region to widen. The electrons in the n-type material are attracted toward the positive terminal of the voltage source. The holes in the p-type material are attracted toward the negative terminal of the voltage source.

  11. Forward Bias External voltage is applied across the p-n junction in the same polarity as the p- and n-type materials. Diode Operating Conditions

  12. Forward Bias Diode Operating Conditions

  13. Conduction Non-Conduction Region Region Diode Characteristics

  14. Actual Diode Characteristics

  15. Zener Region

  16. Forward Bias Voltage

  17. Temperature Effects

  18. IDEAL VERSUS PRATICAL

  19. Resistance Levels

  20. DC (Static) Resistance

  21. AC (Dynamic) Resistance

  22. Average AC Resistance

  23. Diode Equivalent Circuit

  24. Diode Capacitance

  25. Reverse Recovery Time (trr)

  26. Diode Specification Sheets

  27. Diode Symbol and Packaging

  28. Zener diode Light-emitting diode Diode arrays Other Types of Diodes

  29. Zener Diode

  30. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

  31. Diode Arrays

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