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Chapter 21.1

Chapter 21.1. Plant evolution and Adaptations. Plant Characteristics. Multicellular Autotrophic Eukaryotes Tissues and organs. Green Algae to Plants. Scientists think modern plants may have evolved from Green Algae because of similar characteristics….

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Chapter 21.1

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  1. Chapter 21.1 Plant evolution and Adaptations

  2. Plant Characteristics • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Eukaryotes • Tissues and organs

  3. Green Algae to Plants • Scientists think modern plants may have evolved from Green Algae because of similar characteristics…

  4. I Spy…What are the differences between these two Autotrophs? Green Algae Giant Redwood

  5. Similarities of Plants and Algae • Cell walls w/ Cellulose • Same type of Chlorophyll • Food stored as starch • Enzymes in vesicles • Similar genes in rRNA • Cell division w/ cell plate Similar but not the same

  6. What do you think plants needed to adapt to life on land? • A: Bones of course • B: Reproduce by air and land… not water • C: Fed Ex sends weekly care packages of water • D: Wet suit… the air dries me out!

  7. 4 Plant Adaptations to Land • Cuticle • Prevents drying out • Barrier to microbes

  8. 4 Plant Adaptations to Land • Stomata • Allows for gas exchange

  9. 4 Plant Adaptations to Land • Vascular tissue • Allows for movement of nutrients & water • Provides support

  10. 4 Plant Adaptations to Land • Seeds • Survive harsh conditions • Food for developing embryo

  11. Alteration of Generations • Gametophyte produces haploid (n) gametes • Sporophyte produces diploid (2n) spores

  12. Kingdom Plantae Nonvascular • Bryophytes- Moss • Antherocerophytes- Hornworts • Hepaticophytes- Liverworts Vascular without seeds • Lycophytes- Club mosses • Spenophytes - Horsetails • Pterophytes- Ferns Vascular with seeds • Cycadophytes- Cycads of sago plants • Gnetophytes- Joint firs • Ginkophytes- Ginkgoes • Coniferophytes- Pines • Anthophytes- Flowering plants

  13. Chapter 21.2 Nonvascular Plants

  14. Nonvascular Plants • Small • Requires water • Found in damp, shady areas

  15. 3 Divisions of Non- vascular plants • Bryophyta- Moss • Anthocerophyta- Hornworts • Hepaticophyta- Liverworts • Gametophyte is dominant

  16. Division Bryophyta • One cell thick leaf-like structures • Rhizoids for anchorage • Peat – used for fuel, retain moisture for gardeners Moss

  17. Division Anthocerophyta • One large chloroplast in each cell • May have symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria Hornwort

  18. Division Hepaticophyta • Unicellular rhizoids • Thallose – fleshy, lobed structures • Leafy – stems with thin leaf-like structures in rows liverwort

  19. Thallose vs LeafyTwo kinds of Liverwort Leafy Thallose

  20. Chapter 21.3 Seedless Vascular Plants

  21. Seedless Vascular Plants • Have Vascular Tissue • Larger than Non-vascular • Better adapted to drier environments • Strobilus – spore bearing structure • Sporophyte is dominant • Division Lycophyta and Pterophyta (Sphenophyta)

  22. Division Lycophyta • Sporophyte is dominant • Have roots, stems, and small, scaly leaf-like structures • Some are epiphytes – lives anchored to another plant or object • Club mosses

  23. Division Pterophyta/Sphenophyta • Horsetails or scouring rushes • Cell walls of silica • Only one genus = Equisetum • Horsetails - Equisetum

  24. Division Pterophyta • Thick underground stem – rhizome (food storage) • Fronds with sporangia underneath (sorus) ferns

  25. Chapter 21.4 Vascular Seed Plants

  26. Vascular Seed plants • Vascular tissue • Cotyledons – food storage for embryo • Seed dispersal • Wind, water, animal • Sporophyte- dominant life cycle • Male gametophyte: Pollen • Female gameophyte: Egg • Produce Seeds • Gymnosperms: “Naked Seed” without fruit. Ex: Pines, fir trees • Angiosperms: Seeds are part of the fruit Ex: Apples, peaches, blackberries

  27. 5 Divisions of Seed Plants • Division Cycadophyta • Division Gnetophyta • Division Ginkgophyta • Division Coniferophyta • Division Anthophyta

  28. Division Cycadophyta • Separate male and female plants • Found in tropical and subtropical environments • Cycad

  29. Division Gnetophyta • Live 1500 – 2000 years • 3 genera • Ephedra – bush • Ephedrine medicine • Found in US • Gnetum - trees & climbing vines • Welwitschia – two large leaves

  30. Division Ginkophyta • One living species: • Ginkgo biloba • Fan shaped leaves • Separate male and female trees • Tolerate pollution

  31. Division Coniferophyta • Shrubs and trees • Economically useful • Lumber, paper, turpentine • Male and female cones on same tree • Scalelike leaves with cutin • Evergreen – lose leaves throughout the year

  32. Leaves • Evergreen- Keep some green leaves all year • Deciduous- Lose leaves once a year

  33. Division Anthophyta • Flowering plants

  34. Angiosperms

  35. 2 kinds of angiosperms • Monocots • One seed leaf • Parallel veins in leaves • Flowers in multiples of 3s • Monocot examples: grasses, orchids, lilies, and palms • Dicots/Eudicots • Two seed leaves • Netted veins in leaves • Flowers in multiples of 4s or 5s • Dicot examples: maples, oaks, sycamores • Eudicot examples: trees, shrubs, flowering plants

  36. Life span of plants • Annual - live for one year • Most are herbaceous (green stems) • Have drought resistant seeds • Examples: corn, wheat, peas, and squash • Biennial - live for two years • Have large storage roots • Produce flowers in the second year • Examples: carrots, beets, and turnips • Perennial – live for many years • Usually flower once a year • Examples: maples and oaks

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