Applied Transportation Analysis

1. Applied Transportation Analysis Introduction to Intelligent Transportation Systems

2. Aim of the course • Understand and design public transport management and scheduling studies • Develop parking models • Forecast traffic demand using statistical techniques • Develop a basic understanding of the Intelligent Transportation Systems • Implementation and development of incident management schemes for urban and freeway environments

3. Syllabus • Dr. B. Ghosh • Introduction to Intelligent Transportation Systems • Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems • Traffic forecasting • Incident Management • Dr. B. Caulfield • Public Transport Management • Parking studies

4. Intelligent Transportation Systems • Reference : Introduction to Transportation Systems (Artech House Its Library)

5. What is ITS? • In the developed urban parts of today’s world physical expansion of the existing network can often prove difficult. Increased environmental pollution, fossil fuel (or other forms of energy) consumption, land take, traffic congestion and casualties are a few of the major detrimental side-effects of expansion, which can harm the social and environmental well-being of the human population. • Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a step towards attaining sustainability by increasing the efficiency of an existing transport system. • ITS aims at efficient traffic management and increased capacity within an existing network by introducing extensive and multipurpose use of advanced technologies and telecommunication systems to transport infrastructure.

6. ITS insight • ITS is a broad range of diverse technologies applied to transportation. • Reference: ITS Canada http://www.its-sti.gc.ca/en/what_is_its.htm The range of technologies involved includes sensor and control technologies, communications, and computer informatics and cuts across disciplines such as transportation, engineering, telecommunications, computer science, finance, electronic commerce and automobile manufacturing.

7. ITS Goals (typical) • Some typical goals are described here. They change according to the need of the network/ state/country • Manage Congestion on arterial and freeways • Improve safety • Increased and higher quality mobility • Reduce energy use and negative environmental impact • Increase efficiency • Increase coordination • Improved public-private partnerships • Improved Economic Productivity

8. ITS Structure • Technology: • Sensing • Communications • Computing • Algorithms • Systems: • Vehicle • Transport infrastructure • Information dissemination systems

9. ITS Structure Institutions: ITS benefits public and private sectors alike. For example, ITS makes it possible to implement a number of government regulations and processes (customs and immigration clearance, transportation safety compliance, road/bridge toll collection) more economically, and to improve corporate productivity through time savings, reduced operating costs and energy consumption, and enhanced reliability and safety.

10. Driving Factors

11. Scale

12. Change and ITS • Reinvention of logistics. • New transportation players • Changes in academia. • New public sector partnerships at regional scale • New public/private partnerships

13. Subsystems of ITS • It is convenient to think of ITS in terms of the six major areas, • Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) • Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) • Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) • Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) • Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) • Advanced Rural Transportation systems (ARTS)

14. Subsystems of ITS • Advanced Traffic Management System • Network management, including incident management, traffic light control, electronic toll collection, congestion prediction and congestion-ameliorating strategies. • Advanced Traveller Information Systems • Information provided to drivers pre-trip and during the trip in the vehicle. ATMS helps provide real-time network information. • E.g., Variable Message Signs (VMS), dynamic routing information etc.

15. Subsystems of ITS • Advanced Vehicle Control Systems • A set of technologies designed to enhance driver control and vehicle safety. This ranges up to Automated Highway Systems (AHS), where the driver cedes all control to the system. • Commercial Vehicle Operations • Technologies to enhance commercial fleet productivity, including weigh-in-motion (WIM), pre-clearance procedures, electronic log books, interstate coordination.

16. Subsystems of ITS • Advanced Public Transportation Systems • Passenger information and technologies to enhance system operations, including fare collection, intramodal and intermodal transfers, scheduling, headway control. • Advanced Rural Transportation Systems • Mostly safety and security technologies for travel in rural areas. "Rural" is defined as those areas that do not have the same access to resources and infrastructure elements as major metropolitan areas.

17. ATMS and ATIS

18. Key Underlying Technologies • Global Positioning System (GPS). • Embedded GPS receivers in vehicles’ on-board units receive signals from several different satellites to calculate the device’s (and thus the vehicle’s) position. This requires line of sight to satellites, which can inhibit use of GPS in downtown settings due to “urban canyon” effects. Location can usually be determined to within ten meters. GPS is the core technology behind many in-vehicle navigation and route guidance systems. Several countries, notably Holland and Germany, are using or will use OBUs equipped with satellite-based GPS devices to record miles travelled by automobiles and/or trucks in order to implement user fees based on vehicle miles travelled to finance their transportation systems.

19. Key Underlying Technologies • Dedicated-Short Range Communications (DSRC).• DSRC is a short to medium-range wireless communication chan­nel, operating in the 5.8 or 5.9GHz wireless spectrum, specifically designed for automotive uses. Critically, DSRC en­ables two-way wireless communications between the vehicle (through embedded tags or sensors) and roadside equipment (RSE). DSRC is a key enabling technology for many intelligent transportation systems, including vehicle-to-infrastructure integration, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, adaptive traffic signal timing, electronic toll collection, congestion charg­ing, electronic road pricing, information provision, etc. DSRC is a subset of radio frequency identification (RFID) technol­ogy. The technology for ITS applications works on the 5.9GHz band (United States) or the 5.8GHz band (in Japan and Europe). At present, DSRC systems in Europe, Japan, and the United States are generally not compatible.

20. Key Underlying Technologies • Wireless Networks. • Similar to technology commonly used for wireless Internet access, wireless networks allow rapid communications between vehicles and the roadside, but have a range of only a few hundred meters. However, this range can be extended by each successive vehicle or roadside node passing information onto the next vehicle or node. South Ko­rea is increasingly using WiBro, based on WiMAX technology, as the wireless communications infrastructure to transmit traffic and public transit information throughout its transportation network. • Mobile Telephony. • ITS applications can transmit information over standard third or fourth generation (3G or 4G) mobile telephone networks. Advantages of mobile networks include wide availability in towns and along major roads. However, additional network capacity may be required if vehicles are fitted with this technology, and network operators might need to cover these costs. Mobile telephony may not be suitable for some safety-critical ITS applications since it may be too slow.

21. Key Underlying Technologies • Radiowave or Infrared Beacons.• Japan’s Vehicle Information Communications System (VICS) uses radio wave bea­cons on expressways and infrared beacons on trunk and arterial roadways to communicate real-time traffic information. (Arterial roadways are moderate capacity roadways just below highways in level of service; a key distinction is that arterial roadways tend to use traffic signals. Arterial roadways carry large volumes of traffic between areas in urban centres.). VICS uses 5.8GHz DSRC wireless technology. • Roadside Camera Recognition. • Camera or tag-based schemes can be used for zone-based congestion charging systems (as in London), or for charging on specific roads. Such systems use cameras placed on roadways where drivers enter and exit congestion zones. The cameras use Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR), based on Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology, to identify vehicle license plates; this information is passed digitally to back-office servers, which assess and post charges to drivers for their use of roadways within the congestion zone.

22. Key Underlying Technologies • Probe Vehicles or Devices. • Several countries deploy so-called “probe vehicles” (often taxis or government-owned ve­hicles equipped with DSRC or other wireless technology) that report their speed and location to a central traffic opera­tions management centre, where probe data is aggregated to generate an area-wide picture of traffic flow and to identify congested locations. Extensive research has also been performed into using mobile phones that drivers often carry as a mechanism to generate real-time traffic information, using the GPS-derived location of the phone as it moves along with the vehicle. As a related example, in Beijing, more than 10,000 taxis and commercial vehicles have been outfitted with GPS chips that send travel speed information to a satellite, which then sends the information down to the Beijing Transporta­tion Information Center, which then translates the data into average travel speeds on every road in the city.

23. Sample of ITS Applications

24. ITS Applications • Intelligent Infrastructure Based Applications • – Arterial Management – Highway/Freeway Management – Transit Management – Traffic Incident Management – Emergency Management – Electronic Payment and Pricing – Traveller Information – Information Management – Crash Prevention and Safety – Roadway Operations and Maintenance – Road Weather Management – Commercial Vehicle Operations – Intermodal Freight Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/

25. ITS Applications • Intelligent Vehicle Based Applications • – Collision Avoidance Systems – Driver Assistance Systems – Collision Notification Systems • Reference: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/

26. Arterial Management Systems • Manage traffic along arterial roadways, employing

27. Highway/Freeway Management Systems • Highway or freeway transport system is managed • employing,

28. Transit Management • Public transit surveillance and communications, – Automated vehicle location systems – Computer-aided dispatch systems – Remote vehicle and facility surveillance cameras

29. Traffic Incident Management • Involves the following aspects, • Surveillance and detection • Mobilization and response • Information dissemination • Clearance and recovery • The management system aims at, • Decreasing the time to detect incidents • Decreasing the time for responding vehicles to arrive • Decreasing the time for traffic to return to normal conditions

30. Emergency Management • ITS applications in emergency management include hazardous materials management, the deployment of emergency medical services, and large and small-scale emergency response and evacuation operations.

31. Electronic Payment and Pricing • Electronic payment systems employ various communication and electronic technologies to facilitate commerce between travellers and transportation agencies, typically for the purpose of paying tolls and transit fares. • It involves,

32. Traveller Information • Traveller information applications use a variety of technologies, including Internet websites, telephone hotlines, as well as television and radio, to allow users to make more informed decisions regarding trip departures, routes, and mode of travel. • Pre-trip – Web sites – Television – Radio – SMS • En-route – SMS – Radio – In-Vehicle systems

33. Information Management • Archiving and retrieval of data generated by ITS applications • Data archiving is the collection, storage and distribution of ITS data for transportation planning, administration, policy, operation, safety analyses, and research. Data archiving systems make use of a variety of software, database, and electronic data storage technologies. • It involves, – Decision support systems – Predictive information – Performance monitoring

34. Crash Prevention and Safety • The systems detect unsafe conditions and provide warnings to travellers to take action to avoid crashes. • These systems provide alerts for traffic approaching at dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted overpasses, highway-rail crossings, high-volume intersections, and also provide warnings of the presence of pedestrians, and bicyclists, and even animals on the roadway. • The systems typically employ sensors to monitor the speed and characteristics of approaching vehicles and frequently also include environmental sensors to monitor roadway conditions and visibility. • In some cases, manual systems are employed, for example where pedestrians or bicyclists manually set the system to provide warnings of their presence to drivers.

35. Roadway Operations and Maintenance • ITS applications focus on integrated management of maintenance fleets, specialized service vehicles, hazardous road conditions remediation, and work zone mobility and safety. • These applications monitor, analyze, and disseminate roadway and infrastructure data for operational, maintenance, and managerial uses.

36. Road Weather Management • Road weather management activities include road weather information systems (RWIS), winter maintenance technologies, and coordination of operations within and between county councils. • ITS applications assist with the monitoring and forecasting of roadway and atmospheric conditions, dissemination of weather-related information to drivers, weather-related traffic control measures such as variable speed limits, and both fixed and mobile winter maintenance activities.

37. Commercial Vehicle Operations • ITS applications for commercial vehicle operations are designed to enhance communication between motor carriers and regulatory agencies. • Examples include • Electronic registration and permitting • programs • Electronic exchange of inspection data • Electronic screening systems • Fleet operations and security

38. Intermodal Freight • ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and seamless movement of freight. • Applications being deployed provide for • tracking of freight and carrier assets such as containers and chassis • improve the efficiency of freight terminal processes • drayage operations (ITS for drayage operations can promote the efficient loading, unloading, sorting, and transfer of cargo by implementing automated systems and robotics to optimize limited dock and port space) • international border crossings

39. Collision Avoidance System • To improve the ability of drivers to avoid • accidents • – Sensors to monitor vehicle’s surroundings • – Alerts for the driver when conditions arise that could lead to a collision • • Examples • – Forward collision warning • – Obstacle detection systems • – Road and lane departure warning systems • – Lane changing assistance • – Rear impact warning systems • – Roll over warning systems

40. Driver Assistance Systems • Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies exist to assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely. • • Assist the driver in operating the vehicle safely • – Aid with navigation • – Drowsy driver warning systems • – Object detection • – Driver communication with other drivers or dispatch • • Safe driving in adverse conditions • – Vision enhancement • – Speed control systems (ACC) • • Assist with difficult driving tasks • – Transit or commercial vehicle docking • – coupling, decoupling

41. Collision Notification Systems • In an effort to improve response times and save lives, collision notification systems have been designed to detect and report the location and severity of incidents to agencies and services responsible for coordinating appropriate emergency response actions. • These systems can be activated manually, or automatically with automatic collision notification, and advanced systems may transmit information on the type of crash, number of passengers, and the likelihood of injuries.