Serum Electrophoresis AND IMMUNOFIXATION june 2013

1. Serum Electrophoresis AND IMMUNOFIXATIONjune 2013 Dr. Nitin A Inamdar Department of Biochemistry Tata Memorial Center 9869515089

4. Serum/protein electrophoresis: • plasma cell dyscrasia, nephrotic syndrome, etc. • Hemoglobin electrophoresis: • thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia, HbC, HbD, etc. • Urine electrophoresis: • BJP in plasma cell dyscrasia

5. Electrophoresis • Electro: Under influence of electric field • Phoresis: Separation or migration or movement

6. Serum Electrophoresis Ph 8.6/0.075M Barbitone buffer 1%Agarose Constant current 5mAM/Slide • Mixture of proteins • Amino acids: • Amino group (NH2) • Carboxyl group (COOH) • Two amino acids join each other with polypeptide bond to form polypeptide chain & many polypeptide chains make a protein.

7. Immunity • Immune cell types • T lymphocytes • Mature in thymus • B lymphocytes • Mature in marrow • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

8. Immunity • Humoral response • Secondary response • Memory cells start response to same antigen

10. Immunity • Antibody classes = • Immunoglobulins • IgD, IgM, IgG • In blood &/or attached to B lymphocytes • IgA • In saliva, sweat, tears, etc. • IgE • Bound to basophils & mast cells • Causes release of histamine; allergy; parasitic infection

11. Immunity • Antibodies • Large complex proteins • Y-shaped • 4 polypeptide chains • 2 “heavy” • 2 “light” • Constant region • Variable region with antigen binding sites

12. Falling of leaves: Apoptosis Programmed cell death is part of normal development

15. In Multiple Myeloma Normal Plasmacell become Abnormal Plasmacell

16. Indication of serum electrophoresis • Diagnostic: • Diagnosis of plasma cell dyscrasia • Diagnosis of Waldenstrom’ macroglbulinemia • Monitoring of disease: • Monitoring of plasma cell dyscrasia

17. WHO Classification of Plasma Cell Neoplasms • Plasma cell myeloma (MM) • Plasma cell myeloma variants Non secretory myeloma Indolent Myeloma Smoldering Myeloma Plasma cell leukemia • Plasmacytomas Solitary plasmacytoma of bone Extramedullary plasmacytoma • Immunoglobulin deposition diseases Primary Amyloidosis Systemic light and heavy chain deposition disease • Osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome) • Heavy chain disease Gamma /Mu / Alpha

18. Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their physical properties. • Serum is placed on a specific medium, and a charge is applied. • The net charge (positive or negative) and the size and shape of the subsets of these proteins are used in interpreting the results.

19. Method of detection • Serum protein electrophoresis • Quantitative immunoglobulins (nephelometry) • Immunofixation, immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion • Urine studies • Free light chain assay

20. Equipment used for the gel electrophoresis power supply (direct current) containers for staining and destaining gel electrophoresis chamber applicator

21. Serum protein electrophoresis on agarose gel is a type of horizontal gel electrophoresis

22. Albumin • Globulins: • α1, • α2, • β1, • β2, • γ

23. Anode +ve Cathode -ve Normal serum electrophoresis pH=8.6, 1% agarose gel, sodium barbitone buffer

25. Anode +ve Cathode -ve Abnormal serum electrophoresis showing M band

26. Normal study M band

27. Diagnostic criteria for plasma cell dyscrasia Symptomatic plasma cell myeloma: BM clonal plasma cells or Plasmacytoma Marrow plasmacytosis (>30%) M-component in serum or urine Serum: Ig G >3 g/dL, Ig A >2.5 g/dL or Urine: >/= 1g/ day of λ or κ [BJP] Asymptomatic plasma cell myeloma: M band in serum at myeloma levels > 3 gm/dL and /or 10% or more clonal plasma cell in BM No related organ or tissue impairment (end organ damage or bony lesion) or myeloma-related symptoms MUGS: M-Component, present but less than 3 gm/dL Marrow Plasmacytosis < 10% No Lytic bone lesions or related organ impairment etc

30. Immuno-fixation electrophoresis • After separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis fix the separated protein with antiserum of immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chains.

42. Bis-albuminemia

45. ABNORMAL?

46. Intravascular hemolysis

47. ABNORMAL

49. Nephrotic syndrome

50. Hypergammaglobulinemia