Plant structure and growth

1. Plant structure and growth I. Angiosperm plant body

2. A. Root system A. Functions B. Root systems 1. fibrous root systems 2. tap root systems C. Food storage Water and minerals Anchor dicots versus monocots Root hairs

3. Examples pneumatophores prop roots Mangrove swamps

4. B. Shoot system • Nodes and internodes • 2. Apical (terminal) bud • 3. Axillary buds Apical dominance Axillary bud Bud scales

5. Modified stems

6. C. Leaves 1. Function 2. Anatomy of a leaf 1. blades and petioles 2. leaf types

7. B. Anatomy of a leaf 3. vein patterns 4. other features of leaves

8. fire herbivory mowing C. Leaves of grass Intercalary meristems Evolutionary pressures:

9. Modified leaves bracts

10. Modified leaves

11. II. 2 categories of tissues A. Meristematic tissues 1. Apical meristem (10 growth) 2. Lateral meristems (20 growth) a. vascular cambium b. cork cambium 3. Intercalary meristems

12. Meristems

13. B. Non-meristematic tissues 1. Simple tissues a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma collenchyma /lignin 10 and 20 cell walls sclerenchyma sclerids 10 cell walls fibers parenchyma

14. B. Non-meristematic tissues 2. Complex tissues a. xylem b. phloem c. periderm 20 xylem = wood 20 phloem = inner bark Vascular cambium Outer bark

15. Vessels and Tracheids

17. Phloem: stms

18. III. Tissue arrangements A. dermal, ground, vascular epidermis Herbaceous dicot cuticle dermal ground (cortex and pith) Vascular bundle vascular (xylem and phloem)

20. Vegetative growth B. 3 stem types 1. Herbaceous dicot 3. Woody 2. Monocot

21. Apical meristem Apical meristem How a plant grows shoot root

22. IV. Inside Plants • A. Inside roots • Structures • Primary growth • Water absorption endodermis Dicot epidermis cortex pericycle

23. A. Inside roots • Endodermis

25. Pericycle

26. 2. Primary root growth • Importance of primary growth • Root cap • Root hairs and branches rhizosphere mucigel

27. 3. Water and mineral absorption Plasmodesmata Transpiration Obstacles to transpiration

28. B. Inside stems 1. Structures 2. Primary growth 3. Monocot stems

29. 2. Primary growth

30. Monocot stems

31. C. Inside leaves 1. Cellular organization a. epidermis b. mesophyll: two parts palisade cells spongy cells c. veins: phloem and xylem 2. Stomata 3. Conifer leaves 4. Sun leaves and shade leaves

32. 2. Stomata

33. 2. Stomata Stomata opening and closing

34. 3. Conifer leaves hypodermis endodermis Douglas fir thick mesophyll epidermis waxy sunken stomata Western white pine Western redcedar

35. 4. Sun leaves and shade leaves Sun leaves Shade leaves Explanation thick Cuticle thin low (light) [Chlorophyll] high (dark) Aspect (horizontal/ vertical) vertical horizontal Sunken stomata yes no yes Hairy no

36. V. Secondary growth • Lateral meristems • Vascular cambium • Cork cambium

37. B. Formation of secondary growth

38. C. Other features of wood 1. sapwood and heartwood 2. vascular rays 3. growth rings

39. D. Conifer and dicot wood Vessels and tracheids Dicot wood Conifer wood

40. VI. Origin of tissues

41. The end