Astronomy Do Nows :

1. Astronomy Do Nows: Unit I: Ancient Astronomy and Forces

2. Get the STNK? (new) on Astronomy! • The what ifs • The How is that possible? • The dangerous • The Famous • The future • The paradoxes • The life • The aliens • The ancient • The end

3. Do Now: Where and what is Stonehenge? Did any other cultures build anything similar? • Stonehenge in England was built more than 4000 years ago. The enormous stones are arranged to frame various positions of the Sun, helping to mark dates such as when the Sun reaches farthest north on the summer solstice. • Stonehenge was used to track seasons, moonrise and moonsets and perhaps even eclipses. • Ancient Egypt had pyramids pointed towards the winter and summer solstice. • Chankillo in Peru (the oldest Astronomical structure) is a series of towers that was built on a ridge about 2300 years that show the shift in the horizon of the rising sun. Chankillo, Peru

4. Name that Astronomer/Astronaut: Your Choices Are:Frank Drake, Ptolemy, Kepler, Galileo, Edwin Hubble, Edmund Halley • Developed the theory that the Earth was the center of the universe (Geocentric Model). Ptolemy • Created the telescope AND saw the phases of Venus to prove the Heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the solar system. Galileo • Wrote three laws on planetary motion, stated orbits were elliptical and may have killed his academic partner. Kepler • Observed the universe is not only getting bigger but is actually speeding up. Edwin Hubble • Observed and documented the patterns of an orbiting comet. Edmund Halley • Founder of the first organization to search for extraterrestrial life and created an equation estimating how civilizations exist in the Milky Way. Frank Drake

5. Name that Astronomer/Astronaut: Your Choices Are:Sally Ride, Carl Sagan, Neil Armstrong, Alan Shepard, Henrietta Swann Leavitt, Einstein, Newton, John Glenn • Famous for golfing on the moon as commander of Apollo 14. Alan Shepard • Said “the eagle has landed” and was the first person to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong • First American to orbit the earth in 1962, then became oldest man to orbit the earth in 1998. John Glenn • First woman in space upon the Challenger expedition in 1983. Sally Ride • A cosmology theorist who brought excitement to the world of astronomy through is energetic teaching styles and creative novels. Carl Sagan • Her intensive studies and observations helped scientists determine the size of the Milky Way, the distance of our stars as well as the rate of expansion of our universe. Henrietta Swann Leavitt • Proposed that space and time are linked but warped by gravity, stated the laws of physics are the same within the universe as well as how energy can generate mass for the creation of stars and our universe. Einstein • Studied the details of motion generating three world-changing laws. Newton

6. Do Now: • What are the TWO most influential forcesthat rule our universe? • Gravity and Dark Energy • What is the current motion of the universe and what is believed to be driving this motion? • Expanded and speeding up- dark energy • What are the shape of all objects in the universe? WHY? • Sphere because gravity pulls towards the center equally • How would you define gravity? • The attractive force between objects • How is gravity believed to be the eventual cause for the END of the universe? • The Big Crunch Theory states that dark energy will wear off, expansion will stop and gravity will pull the universe back together to another primordial atom and eventually another Big Bang!

7. Do Now: Gravity and our tides • It is well known that the moon’s gravity plays a roles with the earth’s tides, however, during Spring (higher than usual tides) and Neap Tides (lower than usual tides) the variation is caused by the alignment of the SUN, moon and earth. Therefore, how is it possible that the GIANORMOUS Sun can have the same effect on our tides as the moon? • The sun is much larger however it is 90 million whiles away while the moon is only 240,000miles away so both objects have a similar pull on our oceans. • Therefore, based off of the information obtained from question 1, PREDICT the two factors which will determine the force of gravity on an object. • MASS and DISTANCE • Using this information, now explain how Pluto (roughly size of the distance from NJ to Ohio) can have FIVE moons (Charon, Nix, Hydra, Cerberus and Vulcan)? • Pluto is located in the Kupier Belt which is full a comets and debris. Therefore, its small mass has easy access to many smaller objects.

8. Hammer and Feather on the moon- David Scott on Apollo 15 Do Now: After Gravity Labs Day 1 • What did Galileo test on the Leaning Tower of Piazza that was proven by the Apollo 14 mission? • All objects, no matter the mass, fall and accelerate (9.81m/s2 on Earth) at the same rate • How did the size (mass and circumference) impact the time of the marble? Why do you believe these were your results? • What force is created with the marble and on a Gravitron? • Centripetal Force. When moving in a circular motion, you are always moving slightly ahead therefore, you are always pointing inward toward the center. This generates an outward force from the base of your body, aka. False gravity! • What was the design of your space station with artificial gravity? What would make it successful? The design would have to be round and rotating. This creates centripetal force which keeps your head pointing inward and applies on outward force from your feet.

9. The RESISTANCE to a change in motion Do Now: Gravity Lab Questions • What is inertia? • Provide TWO examples of inertia. • An accident without a seat belt, your body will fly forward through the windshield on its on inertia • Standing on a bus and the bus brakes, the person will lean forward with their own inertia as the bus comes to a halt. • What would be the motion, or lack there of, for the moon if the Earth were to suddenly disappear? • It would travel in a straight line at the same speed forever on its own inertia until another force acts upon it • If you have a mass of 56,000grams and a weight of 120pounds and the moon’s gravity is 1/6 that of earth, what would be your mass and weight on the moon? • Still 56,000 grams (mass doesn’t change), 21 pounds (weight-force of gravity does change) • “If a penny fell from the ESB and hit you in the head, you would die.” True or not true…explain. • NO! The Penny will hit terminal velocity (air resistance equals the force of gravity) and stop accelerating! • Terminal Velocity and Skydiving

10. Inertia Mini Lab: Procedure: • Fill the cup half way with water. • Place the index card on top of the cup and the coin on top of the index card. Hypothesis- What will be the motion of the coin? • Now, flick the card away without hitting the cup. Try to complete in one quick motion. Results: The coin falls straight down on its own INERTIA. It RESISTS the forward change in motion. Another example: When on a roller coaster, when the brakes are applied at the end of the ride… what is the motion of your body????

11. Do Now: Newton’s Laws of Motion • Gravity and washers Demo- • What are Newton’s THREE Laws of Motion and what is an EXAMPLE for each? • An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stay at rest until another force acts upon it • F=mass x acceleration • For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction 2. What is the force, on Earth, applied to a rolling or falling object that slows the object? FRICTION- friction of the ground or air particles 3. Why does a bowling alley need to have oils applied to the lanes? To reduce the friction from the wooden lanes

12. Name that Constellation! Ursa Major Cassiopia Pegasus Hercules

13. Name that Constellation! Sagittarius The Archer Cassiopia Pegasus Hercules

14. Name that Constellation! Delphius Orion The Hunter Bootes Bear Driver Cygnus the Swan

15. Things to know for the test: • Ancient Astronomers and Astronauts-matching and some MC • Alien theories and studies- open-ended • What makes earth have the ability for intelligent life- same open-ended • Gravity! • Newton’s Three Laws of Motion • Famous Constellations: shape, location and their story (matching and open-ended)