Napoleon Bonaparte

1. Napoleon Bonaparte • 1769 - 1821 (lived) • 1799 - 1815 (ruled France)

2. Review of Unit 2

4. Napoleon Crossing the Alps Neoclassicism Neoclassical Art Revolutionary art Defender of revolutionary goals such as: civic virtue and the hero that will insure them Art as propaganda Jacque-Louis David

5. Political reforms • Napoleon’s motto:“authority from above, confidence from below.” • Constitution of 1799 - Constitution of the Year VIII • 3 consuls replace five directors • Universal male suffrage elected notables - distinguished men - chosen to serve in the Senate • Council of State - members appointed by consuls • prefects - replaced intendants - oversaw France’s districts (departements) replaced provinces - reflects rational, centralized government planning

6. Plebiscite • public referendum • Vote yes or no • 99% of male electorate voted yes: Voted and approved: • Constitution of 1799 • Consul for Life - 1802 • Emperor 1804

7. Jacques Louis David’sCoronation of Napoleon 1804 - Rumored that he snatches crown from Pope Pius VII, crowns himself and then crowns Josephine

8. Quote #2 • “There is only one way to encourage morality, and that is to reestablish religion. Society cannot exist without some being richer than others, and this inequality cannot exist without religion. When one man is dying of hunger next door to another who is stuffing himself with food, the poor man simply cannot accept the disparity unless some authority tells him, “God wishes it so. . . in heaven things will be different.”

9. Concordat of 1801 • Catholicism declared “the religion of the majority of citizens” in France • non-juring clergy forced to resign • church lands confiscated not returned to church • abandoned confusing calendar - Sundays and religious holidays restored • Organic Articles - Gallican (French) Church a branch of the government • Protestants and Jews granted state protection - together less than 5% of pop.

10. Quote: • “A fine monkish show. It lacked only the presence of the hundred thousand men who gave their lives to end all that.” • The comment of a general after a solemn ceremony at Notre Dame in Paris celebrating the Concordat.

11. Quote • “Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies!”

12. Haiti • 1801 - proclaimed independent • 1802 - Napoleon restores French rule and slavery • 1804 - Haiti regains independence • 1803 - sold Louisiana Territory to US to recoup financial loss for war in Haiti

13. Map Time • France occupies left bank of the Rhine - fulfills “natural borders” dream • Federal Constitution on the cantons of Switzerland - Helvetic Republic • 1806 Confederation of the Rhine replaces HRE excludes Prussia and Austria

14. Nationalism • army of “citizen-soldiers” first established during French Revolution when sans-culottes were mobilized in the levee en masse proclaimed in 1792 • 1800 - 1815: 2 million men served in or allied with Napoleon’s armies • Napoleon relies on French nationalism to win commitment of his armies • Economic and political control over “allied” or ‘annexed” vassal states generates resentment and stirs up nationalism

15. Napoleonic Empire Goya’s Third of May 1814 Romanticism - the present is more important than some idealized past

16. Quote • “My glory is not to have won forty battles. . . but what nothing will destroy, what will live eternally, is my Civil Code.”

17. CIvil Code of 1804 • over 2,000 articles • most of the articles have to do with securing private property • secure equality of all people before the law and freedom of religion • freedom of work - reaffirms 1791 laws prohibiting associations of workers - unable to strike

18. Quote • “In France women are considered too highly. They should not be regarded as equal to men. In reality they are nothing more than machines for producing children.”

19. Code continues • women and children legally dependent on husbands and fathers • granted men control of family property - women’s income and property controlled by husband • more articles on the sale of cattle than the legal status of women • children could be put in jails by their parents • brings back primogeniture laws

20. Quote • “My motto has always been: a career open to all talents.” • meritocracy • service to army and bureaucracy • notables replace nobility • Legion of Honor created in 1802

21. Napoleonic Expansion

22. Napoleon Expansion

23. Napoleon promotes and exports liberalism

24. Napoleon promotes and exports Nationalism • Places university system under the control of the state in order to create patriotic, obedient citizens by teaching them secular values linked to nationalism; lycees – state secondary schools • Army made up of citizen soldiers not mercenaries, more efficient and uniformed; spreads the idea of a revolutionary army fighting against tyranny. • The occupation of Prussia by French troops will move German writers to begin nationalistic writings, promote the German language not the French language as had been done by Enlightened monarch Frederick The Great

25. End of Napoleon • 1802 – his Grand Army crosses into Russia • Duke of Wellington leads English forces pushing Napoleon’s forces out of Spain • 1804 – forced to abdicate sent to island of Elba • Bourbon restored – King Louise XVIII • 1815 – The Hundred Days – Napoleon returns • Defeated by Wellington in Battle of Waterloo • Sent to island of St. Helena, dies there • Congress of Vienna 1815 – Reactionary government

26. A summary of the era1648 - 1815

27. Chronological Summary 1648 – 1815 1648 – Treaty of Westphalia – end of religious wars Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism Enlightenment Enlightened Monarchs/Despots French Revolution Napoleonic Era New ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, Republicanism, Nationalism 1815 – Congress of Vienna Also between 1648 and 1815: Trans-Atlantic Commerce, colonization, colonial wars and slave trade

28. What is the difference between these concepts: Religious pluralism Religious toleration Religious freedom What event produced what? Protestant Reformation Enlightenment Peace of Augsburg 1555/Peace of Westphalia 1648 French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

29. Treaty of Westphalia 1648

30. Metternich The Congress of Vienna 1815 To create the Concert of Europe.

31. Treaty of Utrecht 1714

32. Treaty of Nystat 1721 Ends the Great Northern War Sweden = Yellow Russia = Green Russian expansion = Green lines

33. Results of the Seven Years War 1763

34. The Partitioning of Poland • Prussia is concerned over Russian expansion into Ottoman lands • Prussia suggests partitioning Poland instead • Frederick II • Catherine the Great • Prussia finally joins Brandenburg and Prussian lands • Duchy of Warsaw under Napoleon • Poland will return after WWI with the collapse of the Russian, Austrian and Prussian states.

35. Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe