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It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something

Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least w/me, but really to 89’? 91’? Present?). It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something. So, Where do We Begin?. 44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act?

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It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something

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  1. Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least w/me, but really to 89’? 91’? Present?) It seems like we’re always trying to reconstruct something

  2. So, Where do We Begin? • 44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act? • Or, 43’ and FDR at Tehran; W. African campaign? • Or, how about 1919, the White Army in Murmansk and Archangel?

  3. The New World, but for Whom? • The Soviet Dream • 20 mil. dead, 2 devastating wars • Satellites, buffers, spheres of influence, and a cordon-sanitaire • The American Vision • A free world based on democratic principles • Open markets and free people Get Ready for the Clash of the Titans!

  4. 1944+ - New Int’l Ties/Frames/Paradigms (we no longer hate the world!) • 44’: Bretton Woods, NH – IMF & World Bank (we’re taking charge!) • Currency regulated based on the $ standard • Development funds for “third-world” countries • 45’: S.F., CA (we rule!) – the U.N. Charter • N.Y. HQ set up; Big 5 Security Council • Peace-keeping, world wars never again, WHO, etc. • How about nukes? • 48’: Israel and the 15 min. window World Bank HQ; D.C.

  5. What do We do w/Germany? • Nuremberg Trials (45’-6) • 12 of 22 lynched? • Reparations vs. Rehabilitation/Reconstruction • Austria & Germ. divided into 4 military zones (Fra., G.B., U.S., S.U.) • S.U. also receives Poland and Hungary • 48’: Berlin cut off (Send in the bombers! For food?) • 49’: Airlift ended, both Germ. gov’ts formalized • The Cold War is here to stay

  6. Friend/Foe: What do We do w/the Soviet Union? • 46’: George Kennan, Containment, & the Long Telegram (8k words!) from the Soviet embassy • Article X • The S.U. - paranoid, nationalistic, aggressive, & expansionist by nature • Contain their movements at every opportunity • 47’: The Truman Doctrine (new doctrine, but the same themes) • Official econ./pol. aid to anyone resisting armed minorities or outside pressure • 47’+: Let’s play dominoes!

  7. Case Study #1: Greece & Turkey (Let the Proxy Wars Begin!) • Civil war: monarchists (N.) v. Greek Communists (S.) • PuppetmasterJosip Tito (Yugo., not S.U.) • 47’: G.B. K.O. (way to go Mr. Heasman) • Mar. 12, 47’- Truman’s request for $400 mil. to “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…” • The dominoes at work • Polarization of the world? Too harsh? Competition the only true path? ELAS Soldiers (Comm.) I’d be happy too…

  8. Now, What do We do w/the Rest of Europe? • Truman & Euro. Interests • Sec. of State George Marshall offers aid at Harvard Commencement (47’) – P.R. move of the century • Paris meeting immediately • $13 bil. over 4 yrs to 16 countries • Approved in 48’ after Czech. coup • Euro. Prosperity (Ita. & Fra. Commie party , econ. output in W. Euro.  pre-war lvls) • 48’: Smith-Mundt Act • Voice of America, Radio for Europe • Information Agencies & Museums

  9. A Ring to Bind Them All (Really a Pact) • 49’: The Official End of Isolationism • Signing of NATO to unify W. Euro. w/U.S. (orig. 12) • Military defense pact (promised military aid, attack on one is attack on all) • Militarized & polarized a large portion of the world • Soviet Response? Warsaw Pact

  10. Let’s Not Forget Asia • Japan & MacArthur (the hope of the East) • 46’ - New Constitution • Prohibited arms buildup, U.S. would be shield, ceremonial emperor, U.S. funds reconstruction • Japan becomes a superpower; credit – USA (point for us!) • 49’ - The “Fall” of China • Mao v. Jieshi ($510 mil. for the leader of Formosa?) • ~1/4 of world pop. “lost” • Immediate Soviet ties • Non-recognition until 73’ Emperor Hirohito and the Big Mac

  11. 49’ (A Bad Year) & the Nuclear Race • China goes Red • Soviets go atomic! • 52’ – Forced Hydrogen Bomb dev. (9x power) • Nuclear Fallout, the “Un”Lucky Dragon, & the Atoll Islands • 53’ - Soviets go hydronic? • Houston, we’ve reached MAD • 54’: 8K Nukes & Beyond! • 57’ ICBM w/H-bomb capacity dev. by S.U. • How do you learn to love the bomb? Dr. Strangelove (64’) An H-bomb at work First Soviet Test, aka Joe #1

  12. The Fiery (not Cold) Domestic Front: Militarization & Fear • 47’: The Nat’l Security Act • CIA formed • Int’l AND domestic spying/operations • Dept. of Defense formed • New Sec. of Defense & civilian heads of Air Force, Navy, etc. • Nat’l Security Council formed (the new braintrust) • 48’: Selective Service reinstated (happy 18th men!)

  13. The Hunt Begins: Second Coming of the Red Scare • 38’: HUAC formed to investigate “un-Amer. activities) • Led by Richard Nixon (crook?) (CA-S) • Paranoia, blacklisting, & the Hollywood 10 • Amer. fears - spies, espionage, commies, books, homosex. (the new witch hunt) • McCarren Int’l Security Bill (50’) • Over Truman’s veto • Arrest of suspicious w/o evidence in emergencies (familiar?) • Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (53’) • ‘47: Truman’s Loyalty Program • Loyalty Review Board & oaths (~8k fed. casualties) • Expanded to state & local lvls • UC and CSU protests

  14. The Greatest of Them All: Joseph McCarthy • 46’: Lowly Wisc. Jr. Senator (R!) • Aggressive, paranoid, abrasive, manipulative, & all-around fun-loving guy • Devils w/in the Walls: capitalizing on Hiss-Chambers (50’) case • Wheeling, WV (50’) – “I have in my hand…” an envelope of commies w/in the state dept. 205 574 • Attacking Dean Acheson & George Marshall • Kept by Rep. for pol. value (reasserting authority) Vs.

  15. What Finally Took McCarthy Down? • Good ole-fashioned American patriotism! • The drafting of aide Schine - you don’t mess w/the army • The power of television and blundering fools (clips!) • 54’ censure • 3 years to cirrhosis and death

  16. Case Study #2: Korea • 45’: Korea split at 38th parallel w/Japanese surrender (N. accepted by S.U., S. by U.S.) • Both out by 49’ • Jun. 25, 50’ - Kim il Sung rolls S. against Syngman Rhee w/Soviet tanks • Action now = less aggression later, right? (Truman acts!) • U.N. declaration w/Kim as aggressor (capitalizing on the Soviets’ absence, score!) • MacArthur (Inchon, stalemate, stupidity, no sub. for victory, see you later!) • NSC-68 • Civilization at stake •  defense spending 4x ($50 bil.), 3.5 mil. servicemen • Tying together of industry, economy, & military • 53’: Treaty & Casualties (nukes in action, $10 bil. drain, 30k dead Amer., 17k U.N. casualties, 2 mil. dead Koreans • FTW?

  17. Case Study #3: Stirrings in Indochina • Ho Chi Minh’s nat’lists v. Japan in WWII • Indep. of Dem. Rep. of Vietnam (45’)? All men created equal? (Not on France’s watch! Or ours!) • 54’: Dienbienphu & our $1 bil. investment • Separation at the 17th (Minh in Hanoi, Diem in Saigon) • 56’: No elections for you! • 61’: 675 “advisers” in waiting

  18. 48’ and 52’: 2 Elections & the Passing of the Torch • 48’: Truman v. Dewey v. Thurmond v. Wallace? • The New Deal v. Elitism v. Dixiecrats & Sectionalism (here we go again…) v. Progressivism (pfft) • 52’: Ike v. Adlai Stevenson (Truman out b/c of MacArthur) • Commander of Allied troops, 1st NATO troops • Attacked Dems. as soft (epic fail in Korea) • Trump! vs. vs. vs. vs. vs.

  19. Ike & His Cronies (Restraint v. Rampaging) • Ike wanted a thaw, feared overextension, cut costs • 55’ Geneva Summit • Open Skies? (Not on Khruschev’s watch!) • 53’ E. Germ. protest, 56’ Hungarian freedom fighters • Sec. of State John Dulles • S.U. military adv. (1 mil. strong!) • Massive retaliation, boldness, brinksmanship • Take that China and Soviet Union!@# Why can’t we be friends? If we attack them here…

  20. Problems in the Middle East • Ixnay on Israel (I blame Mr. Heasman again) • 53’:Coup in Iran • Nationalization of oil fields (Kremlin influence?) • Get out Mossadegh! Welcome Shah Pahlevi! • A legacy of hate & distrust • 56’: Egypt, Nasser, the Nile, & the Suez Canal • No oil for you! • Forced withdrawal of Fra., G.B., and Israel • 57’: Ike Doctrine – aid to any M.E. nation threatened by communism Prime Minister Mossadegh Truman & Pres. Weizmann The Shah, good-looking fellow, isn’t he?

  21. Yet More Problems in Latin America (Investments v. Nationalism, pfft) • 54’: CIA in Guam • Nationalization of Amer. fruit fields & receiving Soviet funds • Get out reform-minded, democratically elected Guzman! • 59’: Castro in Cuba • Ousting of Amer. friendly Batista • Expropriation of Amer. property   sugar imports more expropriation  61’ end of diplomacy • 60’: Org. of Amer. States in Costa Rica & $500 mil. for Latin America • Not enough to sweeten the bitter mouths CIA leader Allen Dulles, sound familiar?

  22. U-2: It’s Not a Beautiful Day • Side note - Ike trounced Stevenson again in 56’ w/Nixon as VP (w/e) • Oct. 4, 57’: Sputnik I launched w/H-bomb capacity • Nov. – first dog cosmonaut w/nuclear chew toy! • U.S. response – the infallible Vanguard Missile, NASA, 58’ Nat’l Defense Act • Funding to college students and math & sciences in schools • 59’: Khruschev in N.Y. and Maryland (Camp David) • Lowering the Russian #’s, dealing with Berlin • 60’: All is well - see you in Paris in May! • Perhaps not…U-2, Gary Powers, & plausible denial  Laika, seriously, the actual dog USA!We’re number 1!

  23. Legacies of the 50s: Warnings and Casualties • 61’: Ike’s Exit -Warnings of the Military Industrial Complex • Power of the military to affect domestic & foreign affairs due to tying of military to society & econ. • Unions targeted & expelled (11 from CIO) • Blacks, Homosexuals, Latinos attacked for ties to labor & anti-gov’t criticisms (WEB Du Bois, Oppenheimer) • MAD, nuclear fallout, paranoia, arms race Who is to blame?

  24. One Last Note! • Always remember ladies and gentlemen: • Duck and Cover! • Or purchase yourself a swanky new fallout shelter to protect you from nuclear bombs (of course they work; don’t be silly; why else would 1/20 Americans have/make one?).

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