Unit 1 Review

1. Unit 1 Review Terms and Applications

2. Terminology of Philosophy • Philosophy—the study of truth in all its various forms • Epistemology—the study of how and what we can truly know • Metaphysics—the study of the fundamental nature of reality and being • Ethics—the study of right and wrong • Aesthetics—the study of the nature and effect of art

3. Critical Thinking Skills • Metacognition—thinking about thinking • Reflection—taking time rather than making a snap decision; requires effort—integrity rather than expedience (not always the proper way to go) • Reason, logic—rather than emotion; trying to figure out the truly right answer rather than simply what we want; being dispassionate and objective, scientific method • Source evaluation—being able to find and evaluate sources of information

4. Terminology of Literary Criticism • Magic Realism—literature containing a magical element neither explained nor questioned. It includes rich sensory description, distortion of linear time, and mythical or folkloric elements • Verisimilitude—the appearance of being real or true; the elements of a story that make it seem real • Willing Suspension of Disbelief—Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s theory that readers willingly “believe” stories are real for aesthetic pleasure • Doppelgangers—parallel, identical characters, often used to represent a divided consciousness • Foils—characters placed in similar situations in order to enlighten readers about one of them

5. Terminology of Literary Criticism • Metafiction—fiction about writing fiction, calling attention to its own “fictionality” • Transcendentalism—a branch of American Romanticism. Major tenets: • Spiritual, individual intuition is the only way to understand the truth of the world; • In order to “transcend” reality, individuals must rely on their abilities to look inside themselves to understand what is right and true for themselves; • All knowledge begins with self-knowledge; • Reason alone results in an incomplete understanding of the universe.

6. Terminology of Literary Criticism • Modernism—literary movement from the 1880s – WWII which introduced radical experimentation in literary technique, including fragmentation of perspective, discontinuity of narrative, disruption of syntax, and themes of alienation and spiritual emptiness • Flashback—interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the past • Back Story—history of a character, often not shown or related, perhaps hinted at

7. Terminology of Literary Criticism • Flash forward—interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the future • Motif—a repeated thematic element throughout a story or other work of art • Persona—a “mask” or personality a character (or real person) adopts in preference to or to cover up his/her real self • Platonic Idealism—Plato’s belief that the reality we can sense is only a poor reflection of an ideal that exists on a higher plane

8. General Terms • Progressive Era—a period in American history (~1890s – 1920) when reformers moved by outrage about present conditions optimistically tried to improve society through political, economic, and social reform • The Prodigal Son—a religious parable in which a son, given wealth, leaves home, wastes his wealth, and returns humbly only to be welcomed with open arms. Used figuratively in literature. • Rapture—generally extreme happiness; specifically, the direct ascension to heaven of true believers

9. General Terms • Free Will—the ability to choose your actions and ultimately your fate for yourself • Naturalism—detached, scientific view of humans ascontrolled by environmental forces, thus negating the possibility of free will and perhaps the existence of god • Determinism--the extreme of Naturalism. Denies free will and sees humans as animalistic, controlled more by biologic drives than logic and thought—if we can’t see the soul, then it must not exist.

10. General Terms • Quid pro quo—”this for that”: an action performed in expectation of a return action • Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in psychology over the relative roles of genetics and environment in producing psychological outcomes • Ostentation (Ostentatious, adj.)—the gaudy, excessive showing off of wealth

11. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • “If I’m taught there is a God I’m responsible to, I know I have to treat people right. But if there’s no creator to answer to, it changes your whole lifestyle. Then it’s just survival of the fittest. That’s where our society is headed. That’s why we have some of the problems we do.” • Literature creates a virtual world that we respond to as if it were real.

12. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • I know it is true because I am at one with nature • “Sleeping on” a difficult decision • Considering who tells us a fact before we decide to believe it • Choosing a new car based on gas mileage and reliability instead of how “cool” it looks • The sum of all knowledge is the search for truth in all its forms

13. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • A woman crying at the end of a sad movie • Teddy Roosevelt’s prosecution of monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • The direct promotion of a student who truly believes in the value of literature to English 11 without English 9 or 10 • Belief in intuition over reason • Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde • Both Romeo and Paris love Juliet

14. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! • One indication of this genre is Ray’s detailed description of digging Annie’s garden • Fiction focusing metaphorically on writing fiction • Richard was metaphorically this • J.D. Salinger perhaps experienced this in fiction • Belief in “the force” resembles this belief • Intuition is this belief’s answer to the basic question of epistemology

15. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • As I was hanging by a branch from the cliff, my life passed before my eyes . . . • James Gatz’s view of himself • Using stream of consciousness as a narrative technique • Showing off your huge engagement ring • Are identical twins alike in every way? • The frequent references to driving and car accidents in The Great Gatsby • Our “decisions” are only biological imperative

16. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • Nick’s reverie about the first time Gatsby kissed Daisy • Nick’s sense of alienation from the world at the end of The Great Gatsby is a characteristic of this • Contribute to my campaign and I’ll steer business to your company • Fuzzy picture only seen clearly on a U2 (jet that flies at extreme altitude)

17. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term above represents the following? • You can do whatever you choose • Gatsby magically deflects Wilson’s bullet and it kills Tom • What readers really would need to have if the above had happened • What the above lacks, therefore, if the readers don’t accept it • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle is set in this era • The Outsiders turns out to be Ponyboy’s English theme

18. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! Which term represents the following? • Someone isn’t listening right now—years later he curses as he lays dying because he hadn’t understood that his inattentiveness would cause poor reading skills and lead to his using his radio in the bathtub—he thought the directions said he could

19. I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect! • What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule, equally arduous in actual and in intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. It is the harder because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.—Ralph Waldo Emerson

20. The Hollow Men Here we go round the prickly pear Prickly pear prickly pear Here we go round the prickly pear At five o'clock in the morning. Between the idea And the reality Between the motion And the act Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom Between the conception And the creation Between the emotion And the response Falls the Shadow Life is very long Between the desire And the spasm Between the potency And the existence Between the essence And the descent Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom For Thine is Life is For Thine is the This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. - T.S. Eliot I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect!

21. We Wear the Mask     WE wear the mask that grins and lies, It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes,— This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties.     Why should the world be over-wise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while          We wear the mask. We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries To thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh the clay is vile Beneath our feet, and long the mile; But let the world dream otherwise,          We wear the mask! Paul Laurence Dunbar I was my parents’ third child, which proves that __________ makes perfect!

22. Shoeless Joe • Why is Ray obsessed with baseball and Shoeless Joe Jackson? • In what ways is this novel typical of magic realism? • How are Annie and Karin fitting family for Ray? • How is Annie’s family not so fitting? • Why does Mark want Ray’s farm? • Explain the rules and dynamics of Ray’s ballpark.

23. Shoeless Joe • Why does Ray want his father to play on the field? • What happens on Ray’s trip to Boston? What does this show us about the modern world he lives in? • Who is J.D. Salinger? • How is Moonlight Graham different from the other dead ballplayers who appear on the field? • What does Eddie Scissons do to betray Ray?

24. Shoeless Joe • What does Eddie do to betray baseball? • How is he “punished” for this? • In what ways is religion used as a motif throughout the novel? • How is the farm saved? • What does Salinger do at the end of the novel? • What does this have to do with the novel? • How are Richard and Ray similar and different? • Who created the world of the book? • What term does this question address?

25. The Great Gatsby • What is Nick’s mood at the beginning of the novel? • What is his contradictory opinion of Gatsby? • Why has Nick moved to West Egg? • What is Nick’s salient characteristic at the beginning of the novel? • How does he know Tom and Daisy? • Explain Myrtle. • What are some of the rumors about Gatsby?

26. The Great Gatsby • How does Gatsby find out Nick knows Daisy? • What do we know for sure about Gatsby’s past? • Why does Nick like Jordan? • What are some of the signs that Gatsby is not who he says he is? • What is Gatsby’s first reunion with Daisy like? • What does Gatsby want Daisy to do? • What happens at the hotel?

27. The Great Gatsby • Why did Gatsby fail? • What are the circumstances of the car accident? • What does Tom do for revenge? • Why does Nick dump Jordan? • Describe Gatsby’s funeral? • What the heck does the ending mean? • What characteristics of Realism can we find in this book.