Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [ Pulse Compression T

1. Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Pulse Compression Techniques] Date Submitted: [May 2005] Source: [Zafer Sahinoglu] Company: [Mitsubishi Electric ] E-Mail: [zafer@merl.com] Re: [Response to Call for Proposals] Abstract [This document explains pulse compression techniques that benefit precision ranging using IEEE 802.15.4a radios] Purpose: [Providing technical contributions for standardization by IEEE 802.15.4a in the ranging field] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release:The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

2. Outline • Definitions • Existing Techniques • Concluding Remarks Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

3. Definitions • Pulse Compression (or pulse coding) • A set of signal processing techniques to increase sensitivity and resolution in ranging systems • Increasing the average power by having a longer pulse for better reception • Changing bandwidth without changing pulse duration to have better range resolution • Range resolution depends on the bandwidth and SNR • Integrated Side-lobe Level (ISL) • 10log [total sidelobe power / peak response] Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

4. Unmodulated pulse Unmodulated vs. Modulated Pulse • B: Bandwidth, T: Pulse duration • Unmodulated pulse => BT = 1 • Modulated pulse => BT > 1 • By using spread spectrum techniques Tp Tp Modulated pulse Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

5. Power vs. Pulse Duration • Energy content of the symbol would be the same (T1P1=T2P2) • Long pulses with low power • Short pulses with high power Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

6. Receivers • Coherent receivers benefit from pulse compressions • Correlate the received signal with a replica of the transmitted modulated signal • Non-coherent receivers see bulk energy with the same duration as unmodulated Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

7. Pulse Compression Pros and Cons Pros Cons • Lower pulse power • Time side lobes • Higher maximum range • Added transmitter and receiver complexity • Good range resolution • Better interference rejection Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

8. Pulse Compression Design Problem • To find a waveform for coding of which • The autocorrelation function provides a strong peak with low side lobes • Better fits to FCC spectral mask Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

9. Existing Pulse Compression Methods • Binary phase coding (meteorological radars) • Repeatedly flipping the phase of the radio frequency signal within the duration of the pulse, according to a binary code (e.g., Barker codes) • Poly-phase coding • Frequency modulation • Frequency stepping Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

10. A Look Into Barker Codes • Length 7 {+, +, +, -, -, +, -} • Length 11 {+, +, +, -, -, -, +, -, -, +, -} • Length 13 {+, +, +, +, +, -, -, +, +, -, +, -, +} Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

11. A Look Into Barker Codes (2) • Side lobe values less than or equal to 1/N • N: code length • Maximum output is normalized to 1 Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

12. Pseudo-random (PN) Codes • Easy to generate • Low but not minimal side lobes • For large N (>127) , peak side lobe approximates to 1/N • Maximal length PN codes (m-sequences) are the pretty efficient • They have relatively high ISL • Unsuitable in highly clutter environments Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

13. Poly-phase Codes • Uses multiple phase shifts, as opposed to binary as in Barker • Welty and Golay generates equal but different polarity side lobes • Total sidelobe cancellation can be achieved at the expense of two sets of matched filters, a long delay line and a summing function • Welty: {+, +, +, -, -, -, +, -} • Golay: {+, +, +, -, +, +, -, +} Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs

14. Suggestions • To benefit coherent ranging a long coding sequence is needed. • The sequence should be short enough to help non-coherent ranging Zafer Sahinoglu, Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs