Mastering the most dreaded maneuver in flight training

1. Mastering the most dreaded maneuver in flight training Prof. H. Paul Shuch, Ph.D., CFII LSRM-A/GL/WSC/PPC, iRMT Heavy Chief Flight Instructor, Director of Maintenance, AvSport of Lock Haven FAA Safety Team Lead Representative, Piper Memorial Airport, Lock Haven PA

2. A FAASTeam Wings Award Safety Webinar

3. Brought to you by: Experimental Aircraft Association AvSport of Lock Haven Aircraft Spruce and Specialty Company Your FAA Safety Team

4. RATIONALE: Stalls are undoubtedly the most feared maneuver in the flight training curriculum. They are also an essential element of every single flight, in that an aircraft cannot land if its wing is still developing lift. In this FAA Safety Team Wings webinar, you'll learn how to love stalling the airplane just inches above the runway, while avoiding that dreaded stall/spin accident.

5. OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this webinar, you will: • Understand and master critical angle of attack • Explain how wings stall at any speed, in any attitude • Practice approach-to-landing stalls to master the flare • Practice power-on stalls to avoid inadvertent spins • Convert a power-on to a power-off stall to aid recovery • Avoid spins by ensuring that both wings stall equally • Demonstrate safe stall and spin recovery procedures

6. Caveat: The procedures shown here are used successfully by one particular instructor, in one particular aircraft. They may not apply in your situation. Disclaimer: Nothing in this presentation should be considered a substitute for adequate dual training, conducted by an appropriately rated flight instructor familiar with your particular aircraft. Waiver: • By viewing this presentation, you understand and agree that: • Flying is a sport • There is risk associated with all sports • You accept that risk

7. Aerodynamics - How the wing lifts Bernoulli’s Principle: As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. The accelerated air above the wing exerts less pressure on the wing than the un-accelerated air below it.

8. Aerodynamics - How the wing lifts Air flow over the wing creates downwash, the pushing of air down creates a lifting force. The direct deflection of air downwards off of the lower surface of the wing also creates a resulting lifting force upward.

9. Stall: automotive definition The engine quits under load

10. Stall: aerodyamic definition The wing stops developing lift

11. Common Stall Myths You can’t stall without pulling the nose up You only stall when you go too slow Stall speed is a constant number You won’t stall if you stay above stall speed To recover from a stall, you must add power Failure to recover from a stall leads to a spin

12. Anatomy of a Stall Cord Line Relative Wind Angle of Attack Airflow Separation Recovery

13. Anatomy of a Stall

14. Anatomy of a Stall

15. Critical Angle of Attack Can Be Exceeded In Any Flight Attitude!

16. Doh!

17. A stall occurs when: • The engine quits under load • The airspeed gets too low • Critical Angle of Attack is exceeded • The nose gets too high • A spin develops

18. “OK, now we’re going to do stalls!”

19. Three Types of Stall: • Approach-to-landing stall • often called a Power-Off Stall • Takeoff and departure stall • often called a Power-On Stall • Accelerated Stall

20. The Approach-to-Landing Stall

21. Glider and Stall Practice Power off stall practice simulates an approach to landing, followed by a flare So, the purpose of power off stalls is to learn how to flare properly If you don’t stall, you can’t land! Some pilots believe they can stay safe by never stalling They’re still up there!

22. The Approach-to-Landing Stall Power reduction Glide established Stretching the glide Stall recognition Stall recovery

23. Quiz time!

24. Power-off stalls are used to simulate • takeoff rotation • landing flare • slow flight • go-around • touch-and-go

25. Power-off stalls are used to simulate • takeoff rotation • landing flare • slow flight • go-around • touch-and-go

26. Takeoff and Departure Stall

27. Takeoff and Departure Stall Establishing a climbout Over-rotation Obstacle clearance Stall recognition Stall recovery

28. To go up, pull stick back. To go down, pull stick way back.

29. Departure Stall Recovery Reduce power Reduce angle of attack Rudder to keep wings level Add climb-out power Establish best climb speed

30. Another Question!

31. The first step in recovery from a power-on stall should be to • Level the wings • Lower the nose • Add full power • Convert it to a power-off stall • Pull back on the stick

32. The first step in recovery from a power-on stall should be to • Level the wings • Lower the nose • Add full power • Convert it to a power-off stall • Pull back on the stick

33. Accelerated stall

34. Accelerated stall Load factor Bank angle Abrupt control changes Secondary stalls

35. Accelerated stall

36. Accelerated stall

37. Accelerated stall

38. Secondary stall

39. I know this one!

40. An accelerated stall • Happens at lower than normal airspeed • Occurs only during a steep turn • Is another name for a secondary stall • Can occur with little warning • Results in little altitude loss

41. An accelerated stall • Happens at lower than normal airspeed • Occurs only during a steep turn • Is another name for a secondary stall • Can occur with little warning • Results in little altitude loss

42. Spin Avoidance and Recovery

43. Spin Avoidance and Recovery Torque affects Power reduction Breaking the stall Stopping the rotation Flying out of the dive

44. To go up, pull stick back. To go down, pull stick way back.

45. Necessary Conditions for a Spin Critical angle of attack exceeded One wing stalls first Asymmetrical lift Aggravated by torque

46. Overshooting turn to final

47. Overshooting turn to final

48. Spin Recovery Technique Remove excess torque Break the stall Stop the rotation Level the wings Recover from power off stall

49. Final Question!

50. A spin can occur when • You overshoot the turn to final • One wing stalls before the other • The aircraft is cross-controlled • You initiate a go-around without rudder • Any of the above