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Types of Hearing Impairments

Types of Hearing Impairments. LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement. Conduction hearing impairment can result from: damaged eardrum, which would prevent sound waves from being carried into the middle ear properly)

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Types of Hearing Impairments

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  1. Types of Hearing Impairments LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement • Conduction hearing impairment can result from: • damaged eardrum, which would prevent sound waves from being carried into the middle ear properly) • damage to the bones of the middle ear: sounds cannot be conducted from the eardrum to the cochlea

  2. Types of Hearing Impairments LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement • Nerve hearing impairment can result from: • damage in the inner ear • damage in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain

  3. Surgery to Help Restore Hearing LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement • Cochlear implant: a microphone implanted just behind the ear that picks up sound from the surrounding environment • The speech processor selects and arranges the sound picked up by the microphone. • The implant is a transmitter and receiver, converting signals into electrical impulses. • Collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain

  4. Cochlear Implant(a) In a cochlear implant, a microphone implanted just behind the ear picks up sound from the surrounding environment. A speech processor, attached to the implant and worn outside the body, selects and arranges the sound picked up by the microphone. The implant itself is a transmitter and receiver, converting the signals from the speech processor into electrical impulses that are collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain.

  5. Cochlear Implant(b) This child is able to hear with the help of a cochlear implant. Hearing spoken language during the early years of a child’s life helps in the development of the child’s own speech.

  6. Why do we change sounds, clothing styles, color preferences… So we notice them? Old Version Johnny Cash Fullsom Prison Blues http://www.last.fm/music/Johnny+Cash/_/Folsom+Prison+Blues New Version Everlast Fullsom Prison Blues http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JW4eAHsaq-0

  7. How Scary is a Scary movie without the sound? The movie “Psycho” by Alfred Hitchcock Try it without sound first….Bates Motel? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81qweiWqyTU If you have time you may wish to try others… Here are the top 10 scariest movies of 2011. http://www.movie-moron.com/?p=14023

  8. Ghost Hunters http://www.syfy.com/ghosthunters/ How can they listen on different wavelengths? Is there a parallel universe? Are there ghosts?

  9. Subliminal perception—the ability to notice stimuli that affect only the unconscious mind. BACKMASKING IN MUSIC…. http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking.htm Really good BACK MASKING You tube Beatles 7 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UVDlg4x468 Stairway to Heaven http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgtxpRNT-r0&feature=related Pokeman Rap http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cGEwFIsk0g&feature=related

  10. Taste LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work • Taste buds • taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste • Gustation • the sensation of a taste

  11. The Tongue and TasteBuds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(a) The right side of this drawing shows the nerves in the tongue’s deep tissue.

  12. The Tongue and TasteBuds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(b) The taste bud is located inside the papillae and is composed of small cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by molecules of food.

  13. The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(c) Microphotograph of the surface of the tongue, showing two different sizes of papillae. The taste buds are located under the surface of the larger red papillae, whereas the smaller and more numerous papillae form a touch-sensitive rough surface that helps in chewing and moving food around the mouth.

  14. Taste LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work • Five Basic Tastes: • sweet • sour • salty • bitter • “brothy,” or umami

  15. Smell LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work • Olfaction (Olfactory Sense) • sense of smell • Olfactory Bulbs • areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells • There are at least 1,000 olfactory receptors.

  16. The Olfactory Receptors(a) A cross section of the nose and mouth. This drawing shows the nerve fibers inside the nasal cavity that carry information about smell directly to the olfactory bulb just under the frontal lobe of the brain (shown in green).

  17. The Olfactory Receptors(b) A diagram of the cells in the nose that process smell. The olfactory bulb is on top. Notice the cilia, tiny hair like cells that project into the nasal cavity. These are the receptors for the sense of smell.

  18. Somesthetic Senses LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance • Somesthetic senses: the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses • “soma”: body • “esthetic”: feeling

  19. Somesthetic Senses LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance • Skin senses: the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain • sensory receptors in the skin • gate-control theory: pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord

  20. Cross Section of the Skin and Its ReceptorsThe skin is composed of several types of cells that process pain, pressure, and temperature. Some of these cells are wrapped around the ends of the hairs on the skin and are sensitive to touch on the hair itself, whereas others are located near the surface, and still others just under the top layer of tissue.

  21. Somesthetic Senses LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance • Kinesthetic sense: sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other • proprioceptive receptors (proprioceptors)

  22. Somesthetic Senses LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance • Vestibular senses: the sensations of movement, balance, and body position • Sensory conflict theory: an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomforts

  23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ_ByifZvzI Now THE CENTER OF BALANCE TEST. CAN WE HAVE A FEW BOY & GIRL VOLUNTEERS. UP TO THE FRONT OF THE CLASSROOM. BEND AT THE WAIST AND PLACE YOUR HEAD TIGHT AGAINST THE WHITEBOARD AT WAIST LEVEL. WITHOUT STEPING BACK, JUST STRAIGHTEN-UP….CAN YOU ALL DO IT? WHY OR WHY NOT?

  24. Perception and Constancies LO 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies • Perception • the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion • Size Constancy • the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

  25. Perception and Constancies LO 3.8 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies • Shape Constancy • the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina • Brightness Constancy • the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

  26. Gestalt Principles LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception • Figure–Ground • the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background • Reversible Figures • visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

  27. The Necker CubeThis is an example of a reversible figure. It can also be described as an ambiguous figure, since it is not clear which pattern should predominate.

  28. Figure–Ground IllusionWhat do you see when you look at this picture? Is it a wine goblet? Or two faces looking at each other? This is an example in which the figure and the ground seem to “switch” each time you look at the picture.

  29. Gestalt Principles LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception • Similarity • the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group • Proximity • the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

  30. Gestalt Principles LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception • Closure • the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete • Continuity • the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

  31. Gestalt Principles LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception • Contiguity • the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

  32. Gestalt Principles of GroupingThe Gestalt principles of grouping are shown here. These are the human tendency to organize isolated stimuli into groups on the basis of five characteristics: proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and common region.

  33. Gestalt Principles of GroupingThe Gestalt principles of grouping are shown here. These are the human tendency to organize isolated stimuli into groups on the basis of five characteristics: proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and common region.

  34. Development of Perception LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Depth perception: the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

  35. Monocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues): cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only • linear perspective: the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other • relative size: perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

  36. Monocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Monocular Cues (cont’d) • interposition (overlap): the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

  37. Monocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Aerial perspective: the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater • Texture gradient: the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases

  38. Monocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Motion parallax: the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away • Accommodation: as a monocular clue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away

  39. Monocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Pictorial Depth Cues • Linear Perspective

  40. Pictorial Depth Cues(a) Both the lines of the trees and the sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance. This is an example of linear perspective.

  41. Pictorial Depth Cues(b) Notice how the larger pebbles in the foreground seem to give way to smaller and smaller pebbles near the middle of the picture. Texture gradient causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away.

  42. Pictorial Depth Cues(c) In aerial or atmospheric perspective, the farther away something is the hazier it appears because of fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object. Notice that the road and farmhouse in the foreground are in sharp focus while the mountain ranges are hazy and indistinct.

  43. Binocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Binocular cues: cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes • convergence: the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant

  44. Binocular Cues LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception? • Binocular Cues (cont’d) • binocular disparity: the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

  45. Perceptual Illusions LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception • The Hermann grid is possibly due to the response of the primary visual cortex. • Müller-Lyer illusion: illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

  46. The Müller-Lyer Illusion(a) Which line is longer? In industrialized Western countries, people generally see the lines in part (a) in situations similar to those in part (b). According to one theory, people have become accustomed to seeing right angles in their environment and assume that the short, slanted lines are forming a right angle to the vertical line.

  47. The Müller-Lyer IllusionThey make that assumption because they are accustomed to seeing corners, such as the ones depicted in the house interiors shown on the right in part (b). Consequently, in part (a), they tend to perceive the line on the right as slightly longer than the line on the left.

  48. Perceptual Illusions LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception • Moon illusion: the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky • apparent distance hypothesis

  49. Perceptual Illusions LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception • Illusions of Motion • autokinetic effect: a small, stationary light in a darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving • stroboscopic motion: seen in motion pictures, in which a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion

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