Jigsaw For Wednesday

1. Jigsaw For Wednesday • Take notes on your assignment. • Email them to me or give to me Wednesday morning in homeroom • Highlight important contribution events • Multiple Choice Quiz on East Absolutism on Friday

2. Four Phases of the 30 yrs War

3. If you are a #2 • Ferdinand III • Charles VI • Leopold I • The rise of the Habsburg Empire and the impact of its leaders…

4. If you are a #3 • Frederick William, the “Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688) • Frederick III, “the Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713) • Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740) • The Rise of Prussia Absolutism

5. If you are a #4 • Ivan the Great • Peter the Great • Ivan the Terrible • The Rise of Russian Absolutism

6. Welcome Back! • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and document analysis, students will identify the characteristics of Eastern Absolutism and the background causes of the 30 years War. • Bell Ringer: Define the term ABSOLUTISM and its characteristics

7. Eastern Absolutism

8. West vs. East Review • Diverged after 1300:

9. Overview of Eastern Europe • Ottoman Empire: could not maintain possessions in eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion • Poland: liberum veto – voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom • Three aging empires—Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire and Polish Kingdom—gave way to new empires of Russia, Austria and Prussia • (“HOP RAP”) • Holy Roman Empire (HRE): religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist princes

10. Eastern absolutism was based on a powerful nobility, weak middle class, and an oppressed peasantry composed of serfs. • Threat of war with European and Asian invaders were important motivations for eastern European monarchs’ drive to consolidate power. • Resulted in reduced political power of the nobility. • However, nobles gained much greater power over the peasantry.

11. Three important methods of gaining absolute power: • Kings imposed and collected permanent taxes without the consent of their subjects. • States maintained permanent standing armies. • States conducted relations with other states as they pleased. • Absolutism in eastern Europe reached its height with Peter the Great of Russia. Absolutism in Prussia was stronger than in Austria

12. Quick Review • How different was Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe?

13. Serfdom in eastern Europe • Lords confiscated peasant lands and imposed heavier labor obligations. • Hereditary serfdom was re-established in Poland, Russia, and Prussia by the mid-17th century. • After 1300, lords in eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. • Lords demanded that their kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants’ right of moving freely

14. Why serfdom in eastern Europe and not western Europe? • Most kings, in fact, were essentially “first among equals” in the noble class and directly benefited from serfdom. • Eastern lords had more political power than in the west; monarchs needed the nobles. • Reasons were not necessarily economic. • Political reasons more plausible – supremacy of noble landlords.

15. Map of Absolutism in Europe

16. Bell Ringer….ACTIVITY • Read the following two primary source documents and be prepared to address the discussion questions on the next slide. • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and document analysis, students will identify the characteristics of Eastern Absolutism and the background causes of the 30 years War.

17. The thirty years’ war • Why did the Jesuits refuse to respect the Peace of Augsburg (1555)? • How did the Jesuits actions in Germany during the early 1600’s illustrated the confusion between secular and clerical authority in early modern Europe? • How might the Jesuits actions result in a general European war? • What were the reactions to the crowning of Emperor Ferdinand II? Why? • What initial grievance led to the outbreak of violence in Bohemia? • Predict reactions to the Bohemian Revolt from the Emperor, Spain, France, etc

18. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – most important war ofthe 17th century • Failure of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • agreement had given German princes the right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their states. • The truce in Germany lasted for 60 years until factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire brought about war

19. For TuesdayFour Phases of the War

20. Four phases of the war: • Danish Phase • represented the height of Catholic power during the war • Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634): Mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE • Won a number of important battles against Protestant armies • Edict of Restitution (1629): The HREmperordeclared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church • Bohemian Phase • Defenestration of Prague (1618): triggered war in Bohemia • The Holy Roman Emperor placed severe restrictions on Protestantism • Two HRE officials were thrown out a window and fell 70 feet below (did not die because they were saved by a large pile of manure) • The emperor then sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia • Protestant forces were eventually defeated and Protestantism was eliminated in Bohemia

21. Swedish Phase: Protestants liberated territory lost in previous (Danish) phase • GustavusAdolphus (King of Sweden): led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia. Dies. • In response, the Holy Roman Emperor reluctantly annulled the Edict of Restitution • The Swedish army was defeated in 1634; France now feared a resurgence of Catholicism in the HRE.

22. French Phase: “International Phase” • Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE. (example of Politique) • Treaty of Westphalia (1648): ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany • Renewal of Peace of Augsburg • Guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries • Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire confirmed

23. The Treaty… • Results of 30 Years’ War • Germany physically devastated • Germany was further divided by the decline of the Holy Roman Empire • Ended the wars of religion • Beginning of the rise of France as the dominant European power; also accelerated the continued rise of Britain & the Netherlands • France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) received various territories and gained international stature. • The two Hapsburg branches were weakened: • Spanish Hapsburgs saw their empire decline dramatically thereafter • Austrian Hapsburgs lost much influence in Germany

24. Memory Device for Treaty of Westphalia: EF-CHIP • E nd of Wars of Religion • France emerges as Europe’s most powerful country • Calvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg • Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed • I ndependence for the Netherlands and Switzerland • P russia emerges as a great power

26. Rise of Eastern Absolutism Review • Monarchs vs. landlords  successful monarchs gained power in 3 key areas: • taxation • army • foreign policy

27. Austrian Absolutism How did the Austrian Empire consolidate its power?

28. Austria • Habsburgs • mostly in HRE, but also outside to SE • Austrian rulers = HRE emperors • Catholic Habsburg domains to 1795.

29. The Habsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) • No single constitutional system or administration existed in the empire as each region had a different legal relationship to the Emperor. • Ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as Holy Roman Emperor • Was NOT a national state – its multinational empire included: • Austria proper: Germans, Italians • Bohemia: Czechs • Hungary: Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, Romanians

30. Steps to ABsolutism • Old hereditary provinces of Austria proper were centralized by Ferdinand III (1637-1657). • Hungary was the third and largest part of its dominion. • Serfdom intensified in Habsburg lands • Robot- 3 days of unpaid labor a week became the norm, many serfs worked everyday except Sunday • Ineffective Habsburg rule in the HRE forced monarchs to turn their attention inward and eastward to consolidate their diverse holdings into a strong unified state. • Reorganization of Bohemia was a major step towards absolutism • 30 Years’ War set stage

31. Austria – Turkish wars & expansion: • 1529 & 1683 – unsuccessful Ottoman sieges on Vienna • Habsburgs acquire Hungary & Transylvania (Romania) from Ottomans (but not fully integrated) new Habsburg state = Austria, Bohemia, + Hungary

32. Important HaBsburg rulers • Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740): Issued Pragmatic Sanctionin 1713 • Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and henceforth to be passed intact to a single heir (even if female.) • His daughter, Maria Theresa, inherited Charles’ empire in 1740 and ruled for 40 years • Ferdinand II (1619-1637) took control of Bohemia during the 30 Years’ War • Ferdinand III (1637-1657): centralized gov’t in the old hereditary provinces of Austria proper. • Leopold I (1658-1705) • Severely restricted Protestant worship • Siege of Vienna: Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna in 1683

33. OUtcomes • German became official language • Catholic identity • Vienna- center of the empire.

34. PRussia

35. Prussia • Hohenzollerns = elector of Brandenburg & duke of Prussia • elector of Brandenburg – helps choose Holy Roman emperor • 1618 – Prussia became possession of elector of Brandenburg when junior branch of Hohenzollern family died out

36. Prussia: House of Hohenzollern • Marriages increasingly gave the Hohenzollerns control of German principalities in central and western Germany. • The prince had little power over the nobility • Ruler of Brandenburg was designated as one of 7 electors in the Holy Roman Empire in 1417. • Yet by the 17th century, Brandenburg was not significantly involved in HRE affairs

37. Prussia • Hohenzollerns had little power until 30 Years’ War • elector of Brandenburg = position bestowed no real power • Brandenburg: land-locked, no natural defenses, poor land • Prussia: separated from Brandenburg, basically part of Poland • 30 Years’ War weakened the Estates (rep. assemblies)  allowed monarchs to take more power

38. – Hohenzollern rulers: • Frederick William, the “Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688) • Frederick III, “the Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713) • Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740)

39. Frederick William, the “Great Elector”(r. 1640-88) • Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis • Strict Calvinist but granted religious toleration to Catholics and Jews • Admired the Swedish system of government and the economic power of the Netherlands

40. Steps towards Power • “Junkers” formed the backbone of the Prussian military officer corps; these nobles and landowners dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. • Most significant: Oversaw Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe. • Encouraged industry and trade • Employed military power and taxation to unify his Rhine holdings, Prussia, and Brandenburg into a strong state.

41. Frederick William, the “Great Elector • strengthened central authority: • unified 3 provinces: Brandenburg, Prussia, lands along the Rhine • forced Estates to accept permanent taxation w/o their consent • created permanent standing army • factors enabling his success: • foreign invasions (from Russia)  Estates more willing to issue funds for army • In exchange for keeping privileges, the nobility supported him

42. Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713); 1st “King of Prussia” • Elector of Brandenburg/Prussia was now recognized internationally as the “King of Prussia” in return for aid to Habsburgs. • Thus, Frederick I was the first “King of Prussia

43. Frederick III, “the Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713) • focused on copying Louis XIV’s style Frederick III Louis XIV

44. Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King” (1713-1740) • most influential in est. Prussian absolutism • military obsessed • strengthened royal authority: • created best army in Europe • created strong, centralized bureaucracy • honest and conscientious • worked to develop economy (schools for peasants) • eliminated threat from nobility by enlisting Junkers in army (became officers) • almost always at peace • civil society became militarized – very rigid & disciplined

45. Frederick William I“Soldiers’ King” • Best army in Europe • Became Europe’s 4th largest army (next to France, Russia & Austria) • Nearly doubled the size of the army • 80% of gov’t revenues went towards the military • Prussian army was designed to avoid war through deterrence. • Most important Hohenzollern regarding the development of Prussian absolutism • Infused militarism into all of Prussian society • Prussia became known as “Sparta of the North” • Junkers became an officer caste

46. “I must serve with life and limb, with house and wealth, with honour and conscience, everything must be committed except eternals salvation-that belongs to God, but all else is mine.”(571)

47. Russia • Muscovy began to emerge as the most significant principality that formed the nucleus of what later became Russia. • During the Middle Ages the Greek Orthodox Church was significant in assimilating Scandinavian ancestors of the Vikings with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe. • In the 13th century, the Mongols from Asia invaded eastern Europe and ruled the eastern Slavs for over two centuries- ”Mongol Yolk”

48. JIGSAW!- 10 minutes • Row 3- Get together and discuss the rise and impact of Peter the Great on Russia. • What made him so Great? • Have a recorder type information. • Row1- Get together and discuss the rise and impact of Ivan III • Row 2- Get together and discuss Ivan the Terrible, Times of Troubles and rise of Romanovs

49. Ivan III (“Ivan the Great”) (1442-1505) • The tsar became the head of the church • The “2nd Rome” had been Constantinople before it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 • Many Greek scholars, craftsmen, architects and artists were brought into Muscovy • 1480, ended Mongol domination of Muscovy • Established himself as the hereditary ruler of Muscovy • This was in response to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and his desire to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church: the “Third Rome

50. Tsar claimed his absolute power was derived from divine right as ruler • Ivan struggled with the Russian boyars (nobels) for power. • Eventually, the boyars’ political influence decreased but they began exerting more control of their peasants.