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Modern Slavery

Michael Moniz ALB Degree Candidate. Modern Slavery . Old Slavery . New Slavery. Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department. Old Slavery. New Slavery. Legal ownership asserted. Legal ownership avoided. High purchase cost. Very low purchase cost. Low profits. Very high profits.

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Modern Slavery

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  1. Michael Moniz ALB Degree Candidate Modern Slavery

  2. Old Slavery

  3. New Slavery Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department

  4. Old Slavery New Slavery Legal ownership asserted Legal ownership avoided High purchase cost Very low purchase cost Low profits Very high profits Shortage of potential slaves Surplus of potential slaves Long-term relationship Short-term relationship Slaves maintained Slaves disposable Ethnic differences important Ethnic differences not important How has slavery evolved? K. Bales (1999) Disposable People, U California Press

  5. How do we define the new slavery? • The threat or use of violence in the control of one person by another for the purposes of economic exploitation -K. Bales

  6. What types of slavery exist today? • Traditional “chattel” slavery – Mauritania • Bonded labor – Brazil • Forced Labor - Burma • Child Labor – India rug making • Trafficking - Thailand

  7. Distinctions of Human Rights Violations Kevin Bales; Understanding Global Slavery, U of CA press, 2005

  8. What is the scope of the new slavery? • Third largest international crime behind drug and arms smuggling • Generates an estimated $13B / year, this is approximately equal to the amount Americans annually spend on jeans. • CIA / State department estimate over 50,000 women and children are trafficked into the U.S. every year. • In India or Nepal, a person can be trapped into a lifetime of hard labor just to pay the interest on as little as $36. • There are more individuals enslaved today than at any point in recorded history—including the transatlantic slave trade • The Human Rights Center at UCB estimates between 1998 and 2003 there were 57 forced labor operations in California that involved over 500 people in almost a dozen cities

  9. What factors contribute to modern slavery? • Explosive population increase post-WWII; The world has gone from 2M people in 1945 to 6M+ today. • Rapid economic and societal modernization • Push/Pull factors in sending/receiving countries • Government complicity (esp. Police) • Cultural factors

  10. International Anti-Slavery Laws • The 1926 Slavery Convention of the League of Nations, the predecessor to the United Nations. • The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that: ‘No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.’ • The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices similar to Slavery, banned ‘institutions and practices similar to slavery’: debt bondage, serfdom, servile marriage

  11. Burma, Brazil, India, Mauritania, Pakistan, Thailand

  12. What can be done? • Pressure international institutions to demand member nations enforce already existing treaties. • Boycotts are counterproductive • Give NGOs in affected countries resources to both free slaves AND assist in integration into free society • Ask hard questions of nonprofits, politicians and business.

  13. Further Information • Free the Slaveswww.freetheslaves.net • Anti-Slavery Internationalwww.antislavery.org • Rugmark Foundation www.rugmark.org • Not For Sale Campaign www.notforsalecampaign.org • Polaris Projectwww.polarisproject.org

  14. End Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department

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