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Personality: Some Definitions

Personality: Some Definitions. Personality An individual’s relatively distinct & consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality Traits dispositions to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations Personality Psychology

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Personality: Some Definitions

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  1. Personality: Some Definitions • Personality • An individual’s relatively distinct & consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. • Personality Traits • dispositions to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations • Personality Psychology • The scientific study of the psychological forces that people uniquely themselves.

  2. Interactionist model of behavior Genes, environment, experiences Behavior is Multi-faceted Many causes for behavior Behavior varies in different situations Diversity & Commonality Idiographic & nomothetic Consistency & variability Findings based on research Empirical studies Replication of studies Generalizability of findings Applicable to real life Validity of theories in personal experiences Useful in predicting or explaining behavior The Main Themes of Course

  3. Psychoanalytic Freud Neo-Analytic Jung, Horney, Adler Biological Pavlov, Eysenck Behaviorist Skinner, Dollard, Miller Cognitive Kelly, Bandura Trait Allport, Cattell, Eysenk Humanistic Rogers, Maslow Interactionist Murray, Mischel The 8 Basic Aspects

  4. Psychoanalytic theory unconscious drives & motives sexual & aggressive urges emphasis on early childhood experiences Structure of personality id (pleasure principle) ego (reality principle) super ego (moral values/beliefs) Defense Mechanisms Conflicts: Id & Super Ego Goal is to reduce anxiety Common defenses Denial, repression, rationalization Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud

  5. Psychodynamic Perspectives: Freud • Psychosexual Stages of Development • Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital • Emphasis placed on early development • Trauma at a stage leads to “fixation” • Consciousness (levels of awareness) • conscious, preconscious, unconscious • Traumatic early childhood experiences repressed into the unconscious

  6. Neo-Analysts • Carl Jung - Analytical Psychology • Archetypes & the collective unconscious • types: introverts/extroverts (Myers-Briggs test) • Alfred Adler - Individual Psychology • striving for superiority & the inferiority complex • effects of birth order on personality development • Karen Horney – Early Feminist • Basic anxiety • Neurotic coping strategies

  7. Biological Perspectives • Biological influences on personality • behavior is determined by genes • behavioral tendencies are inherited • Twin studies • twins are more alike in certain characteristics than siblings and unrelated persons • Some biologically based traits • extraversion vs introversion • optimistic/positive vs pessimistic/negative • exploratory/risk-taking vs cautious/anxious

  8. Behavioral/Learning Perspectives • Behaviorism • psychology should study only behavior • observable, can be studied scientifically • rejected notion of the unconscious • Personality is behavior • behavior is the result of classical or operant conditioning • determinism: behavior is caused by environmental stimuli and situations (no free will) • behavior follows “laws” of reinforcement and past experience

  9. Cognitive/Social Learning Theory • Cognitive model • people think, problem-solve, reason, etc. • Perceptual indiosyncrasies • Explanatory Styles • Perceptions are individual • Attributions, locus of control, learned helplessness • Social- Cognitive Learning • we learn by observing others behave and observing the consequences that follow • can choose to follow model or not

  10. Traits and Skills • Introversion-Extroversion • Jung’s 16 PF • Q-test data • George Allport’s Trait Psychology • The Big 5 • O. C. E. A. N. • Henry Murray’s Needs and Presses • Expressive Styles • Skills & Intelligence

  11. Humanistic-Existential Perspective • Humanism • emphasis on the unique qualities of individual & on free will • opposed to propositions of psychoanalysts and behaviorists • Person-centered theory - Carl Rogers • self-concept (who you believe you are) • congruence vs incongruence (being your true self) • Existential Anxiety • Anxiety: Rollo May • Meaning of life – Victor Frankl • Self-Actualization - Abraham Maslow • emphasized healthy aspects of human behavior • self-actualization (need to fulfill your potential)

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