Submitted by: Rami Shasha Travis Dawson Jackie Schulthies

1. SNC 2DO Science Winds Submitted by: • Rami Shasha • Travis Dawson • Jackie Schulthies Submitted to: Mr.Halpin

2. Table Of Contents Slide 1 Introduction Slide 2 Table of Contents Slide 3 What are winds? Slide 4-8 Chinook Winds Slide 9-13 Katabatic Winds Slide 14-21 Dust Storms Slide 22-25 Sirocco Winds Page 25-29 Mistral Winds

3. So what are Winds? The 5 types of winds are: Chinook Katabatic Dust Storms Sirocco Mistral • Winds are a movement of air in the atmosphere. • Many winds are formed similarly, but because of the regions which they blow in, their effects can be different, and many of them, though quite like each other, are described by different names.

4. Chinook Winds • The Chinook winds are caused by moist weather patterns, originating off the Pacific coast, cooling as they climb the western slopes, and then rapidly warming as they drop down the eastern side of the mountains. The Chinook usually begins with a sudden change in wind direction towards the west or southwest, and a rapid increase in wind speed. • Chinook winds occurs during the midpoint of winter. • Area of the world that Chinook Winds are most common are at areas with mountains(slopes). A prime example is British Colombia. The Chinook winds are least likely to occur in areas that contain no mountains such as Ottawa for example. The reason of this is because in order for Chinook Winds to be formed, air must rise over some form of mountain, and if it is not existent in Ottawa, then Chinook winds would not be found there.

5. Chinook Winds • Chinook Winds have never occurred in our area before. The reason of this is because of the fact that Windsor simply has no mountains, or high elevation for air to rise on, to form these types of winds. • This wind recently occurred on January of 1996, as Pennsylvania suffered severe flooding when over two feet of snow melted in two days. • Other areas where this wind has occurred are in Calgary. • On Jan. 11, 1983, the temperature in Calgary rose 30°C (from –17°C to 13°C) in 4 hours. • As well, on February 7, 1964, the temperature rose 28C (51F), and the humidity dropped by 43 percent.

6. It may cause violent grass or forest fires, or cause small fires to spread quickly.   Recent studies suggest that Chinook winds rolling off the mountains can damage aircraft at cruising altitudes by generating turbulence powerful enough to rip an engine from a jet. Are For many living under the Chinook influence, its winds bring debiltaing physical effects ranging from sleepness to anxiety and severe migraine headaches. Chinook On February 25, 1986, a Chinook descended on Lethbridge, Alberta with winds gusting to 166 km/h (104 mph). It fully removed a snow pack of 107 cm (42 inches) in depth in eight hours. Lethbridge was left with substantial wind damage and new lakes standing in the surrounding fields and pastures. Winds Can be a great danger to plants. Many trees, like white birch cannot survive the rapid temperature fluctuations. DESTRUCTIVE ? If the temperature drops rapidly following a Chinook, a crust of ice may form on the snow which makes grazing difficult and may result in injuries to animal’s legs.

7. Chinook Winds • Chinooks can happen year round, although the warming conditions is more apparent in colder weather. A Chinook can last less than an hour or for several days. • Factors of weather that interact to produce such an event • are warm airs coming from the oceans.

8. Interesting Facts • Chinook Winds are also referred to as “ snow eaters”. • When a Chinook blows in, temperatures can rise dramatically and snow seems to disappear in front of your eyes. • Chinook winds blow from the south or southwest and can reach speeds over 150 km/h. • The greatest Chinook temperature jump ever recorded occurred on January 22, 1943, when a Chinook shot the temperature in Spearfish, South Dakota, from a chilling minus 4oF (-20oC) at 7:30 AM to 47oF (8.3oC) just two minutes later! Also, in Pincher Creek, Alberta, a Chinook jacked the temperature 21 Celsius degrees (37.8 F degrees) in four minutes on January 6, 1966. • They form Red Belts(a belt of evergreens with dead foliage). The dried out needles take on a reddish tinge and from a distance the damage is clearly visible.

9. Katabatic Winds • Katabatic wind is is the generic term for down slope winds flowing from high elevations of mountains, plateaus, and hills down their slopes to the valleys or planes below. • The cold dense mass of air that slides down a mountainside under gravity. • If the wind is warm, it is called a foehn; if cold, it is called a bora. • Warm, dry katabatic winds(foehn) occur on the lee side of a mountain range situated in the path of a depression. They are examples of Chinook winds. • Cold and usually dry katabatic winds(Bora), result from the down slope gravity flow of cold, dense air. • Although there are two kinds, the term katabatic wind usually refers to the cold variant.

10. Warm, Katabatic winds (foehn winds) Katabatic Winds Cold, Katabatic winds (Bora winds)

11. Katabatic Winds • Katbatic winds occur during the winter time. • Windsor, although located in the north, has never experienced Katabatic Winds. The reason of this is because Windsor has no mountains, and if you have an area with no mountains, cold air cannot slide down and form these winds! • Katabatic winds occur in areas that contain mountains, like in the Rocky mountains in British Colombia. • They least occur in areas that are flat, that do not contain mountains. • Recent occurrences of Katabatic winds are in the Antarctic regions, where they are always found.

12. Destruction Potentional One example of damages that can be caused by these winds occurred in 1960, when strong Katabatic Winds suddenly tore into Mawson Station where an aircraft was parked. The winds totally destroyed the large single engine Beaver aircraft along with the station. Can create Avalanches between 100-2000 ft tall, and instead of moving at 70 mph, this avalanche can move at 190 mph. The effects of this avalanche can be disastrous on the ill prepared or ill equipped. for

13. Interesting facts • In Europe, these katabatic winds are generally quite light, in the order of five to ten mph, but around the world they can be very much stronger. • Strongest Katabatic wind are the winds located in the Antarctic. These Antarctic winds have been measured at over 200 mph and are some of the strongest winds measured on our planet at ground level, outside those in some tornadoes. • The katabatic wind in Antarctica is the most powerful wind in the world.

14. Dust Storms are severe windstorms that sweep clouds of dust across an extensive area, especially in an arid region. Dust A dust storm is created whenever strong turbulent winds pick up loose dirt and sand particles in such quantity as to reduce visibility seriously. Storms Dust storms can be expected during the afternoons of hot summer days when "thunderhead" clouds are seen. They generally result from thunderstorm activity which originates in the southeastern part of the stateor in Mexico, and become hazardous to traffic as they move northwest toward the metropolitan area. • They are most common in hot areas, especially near the equator. Such countries include Africa, southern America, Iraq, Afghanistan, and many more!

15. There have not been any recent occurrences in our area. The reason of this is because of the fact that Windsor is not a very warm area. Dust Storms Recent example of Dust storms occurred in Lubbock, Texas on December, 15, 2003. Also, on the evening of 24 April 1980, Iran experienced a haboob, a dust storm generated by a convective Downburst. During the Thanksgiving weekend of 1991, blowing dust along Interstate-5 in the San Joaquin Valley in California reduced the visibility to near zero. As well, Dust storm occured in 1935 in Spearman, Texas

16. Dust Storm Damage • Here are the areas that were struck by these storms in America. A

17. Dust Storm Destruction

18. Destruction Potentional for Destruction • Is able to destroy anything that gets into its way, like shown on the pictures. • Is able to reduce visibility to zero. • Creates many car accidents because of lack of vision. • During the Thanksgiving weekend of 1991, blowing dust along Interstate-5 in the San Joaquin Valley in California reduced the visibility to near zero. Consequently, at least 164 vehicles and 349 people were involved in collisions, resulting in 17 deaths and 151 injuries. • In addition, Dust Storms may cause breathing & vision problems. • The dust from these storms can cause respiratory failures in animals, including humans.

19. Dust Storms • The frequency of occurrence of these Dust Storms really depends on the location. For example, the frequency of occurrence of Dust storms in areas near the equator will be really high, while areas in the far north, will barely experience these storms, because of their cold locations. • Factors of weather that interact to produce this event are drought, poor farming, grazing practices, and wind.

20. Interesting Facts • Dust Storms have the appearance of solid walls of dust and can be seen approaching from some distance. • Dust Storms exist in Mars as well. Only 10 global or planet-encircling dust storms have been reported since 1877.

21. Intresting Facts Things you should do... • Reduce speed and turn on driving lights.If you are on a freeway, leave the freeway at an exit ramp, if possible.If dust becomes so intense that you cannot see 300 feet (the length of a football field) PULL OFF THE ROADWAY -- even as far as the right-of-way fence. Do not stop on the traveled portion of the roadway.After stopping, TURN OFF DRIVING LIGHTS.Wait until visibility is at least 300 feet before re-entering the roadway. Be prepared to pull off the road and stop if visibility drops again.Heavy rain may follow the dust storm. Watch for flooded highway dips even though it may not have rained where you have been. • ANOTHER NOTE: High winds cause dry "tumbleweeds" to break away from their roots and roll across the countryside. They are light masses of small, brittle stems and are not hazardous to automobiles. DO NOT take evasive action to avoid tumbleweeds. By so doing, you endanger yourself and other traffic. when dust storms occur while you are driving!

22. Sirocco Winds Sirocco winds are hot humid south or southeast winds of southern Italy, Sicily, and Mediterranean islands, originating in the Sahara Desert as a dry dusty wind but becoming moist as it passes over the Mediterranean. Siroccos occur as a result of surface and upper level depressions moving eastward across the southern Mediterranean Sea or north Africa. The Sirocco tends to occur year-round, but tends to occur the most during the spring. It is most common in areas like the northern coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean sea, and in Europe. It is least common in areas like northern America, and Canada, because they are too cold for these winds. • Sirocco winds are hot humid south or southeast winds of southern Italy, Sicily, and • Mediterranean islands, originating in the Sahara Desert as a dry dusty wind but • becoming moist as it passes over the Mediterranean. • Siroccos occur as a result of surface and upper level depressions moving eastward • across the southern Mediterranean Sea or north Africa. • The Sirocco tends to occur year-round, but tends to occur the most during the spring. • It is most common in areas like the northern coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean sea, • and in Europe. It is least common in areas like northern America, and Canada, because • they are too cold for these winds. • Sirocco winds are hot humid south or southeast winds of southern Italy, Sicily, and • Mediterranean islands, originating in the Sahara Desert as a dry dusty wind but • becoming moist as it passes over the Mediterranean. • Siroccos occur as a result of surface and upper level depressions moving eastward • across the southern Mediterranean Sea or north Africa. • The Sirocco tends to occur year-round, but tends to occur the most during the spring. • It is most common in areas like the northern coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean sea, • and in Europe. It is least common in areas like northern America, and Canada, because • they are too cold for these winds. • Sirocco winds are hot humid south or southeast winds of southern Italy, Sicily, and • Mediterranean islands, originating in the Sahara Desert as a dry dusty wind but • becoming moist as it passes over the Mediterranean. • Siroccos occur as a result of surface and upper level depressions moving eastward • across the southern Mediterranean Sea or north Africa. • The Sirocco mostly occurs during the springtime - from February to July - but also can • develop in other times of the year.It is most common in areas like the northern coast of • Africa, in the Mediterranean sea, and in Europe. It is least common in areas like • northern America, and Canada, because they are too cold for these winds.

23. Sirocco Winds • These winds have never occurred in our area because Windsor is not hot enough for these winds, as it is located in the north. • Recent examples of Sirocco winds are their occurrence in Italy last year, during the spring. Is it destructive? • Along the northern African coast the hot air originates directly from the Sahara desert producing hot, dry and dusty conditions. Visibility becomes very poor and the fine blowing dust might result in damage to instruments and equipment. On rare occasions the Sirocco is picking up enough dust and sand to produce even sandstorms! • Sirocco also can affect health. The sudden change of temperature and humidity can be very depressing for a lot of people; causing headaches and sleeping problems   • People have reported various symptoms such as an unwonted dulness, an aching melancholy feeling, enervation, being easily annoyed, and having irritating dreams. The wind incites depression both when it blows with force and when it is a mere exhalation rather than a strong wind. It can easily affect anyone visiting the areas where the wind blows, unaware of the cause of their mental misery.

24. Sirocco Winds • It often occurs all year long, especially in hot areas, and they occur the most during the spring times. • Factors of weather that interact to produce this wind are warm, dry, tropical air mass that is pulled northward by low pressure cells moving eastward across the Mediterranean Sea.

25. Intresting Facts • The Sirocco wind has different names in different regions. Chergui: AlgeriaGhibli: LibyaChamsin: EgyptSharkiye: JordanLeveche: Spain • Levanto: Canary Islands, where the wind is Southeast. • The term Sirocco is sometimes also spelled as “Scirocco”. • The speed of these winds can reach up to 100 km/h. • The term “Sirocco” is an Italian word. • The sirocco reaching the south of France contains more moisture and is known as the marin. • Differing from the Bora, the Sirocco its not sudden and tempestuous. ghf

26. Mistral Wind • Mistral winds are strong, cold, dry and squally northerly wind that blows offshore with great frequency along the Mediterranean coast from northern Spain to northern Italy, and that is particularly frequent in thlower Rhone valley in south-eastern France blowing way-out into the Golf du Lion. • In the case of the Mistral, air is cooled above the Massif Central, the central plateau of France, and the Pyrenees. It then flows down into the Garonne valley, because its density is higher than that of the surrounding air. The presence of Garonne and Rhone valley creates a funnel effect, speeding up the current towards the Gulf. • They are formed when a depression is forming in the Gulf of Genoa to the east of a ridge of high pressure • They are usually located in cold, northern areas like northern Italy, and south-eastern France, and are least likely to be found in hot areas like south Africa. • No, Mistral Winds have never occurred in our area. These winds may affect the weather in North Africa, Sicily and Malta or throughout the Mediterranean sea, particularly when low pressure systems form in the Gulf of Genoa.

27. Mistral Winds • Mistral Winds recently hit Naples, Italy in the spring of 2001. • Factors of weather that help to form these events are the cold air from the oceans. • It often takes place the most during winter times, or spring, where it is the most violent. The destruction! • The mistral winds cause migraine and insomnia • Can create so much depression, that may result in acts of suicide! • Like the dust storms, the Mistral blows dust in your eyes and leaves your teeth gritty with sand. • Can create forest fires as well. Summer dry conditions and Mistral combine to create these fires.

28. Intresting facts • The mistral might easily reach a speed of 130kph (75 knots) over the Rhone delta, compared with the typical 40 knots experienced along the coast. • It is most violent in winter and spring and its strength is increased by the funneling effect of the Rhone valley. • Mistral winds are considered the most dangerous of all Mediterranean winds because of their high speeds and persistence. • Mistral winds are example of a Katabatic wind.

29. Thank- You! Thank-You!! THE END Thank-You!!