Chapter 8 Water and Minerals

1. Chapter 8Water and Minerals Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Learning Objectives • Identify the best beverage choices to obtain enough water for the body’s needs. • Describe the body’s water sources and routes of water loss, and name factors that influence the need or water. • Compare and contrast various sources of drinking water for safety.

3. Learning Objectives • Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical for the health of the body. • Describe the nutrients needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and explain why this is important. • Describe a diet that follows the DASH principles, and specify who might benefit from such a diet and in what ways.

4. Learning Objectives • Compare the availability of iron form plant and animal sources. • Discuss the function and importance of copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and selenium in the body. • Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in life.

5. Introduction • Minerals • Major • Trace • Water • Most indispensable nutrient

6. Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)

7. Water • Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight • Roles • Solvent • Cleansing agent • Lubrication and cushion • Coolant

8. Body’s Water Balance • Water balance • Dehydration • Thirst • Signs • Groups at risk • Water intoxication • Body water varies by pounds • Thirst and satiety govern water intake • Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

9. Water Balance – A Typical Example

10. Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Fluid

11. How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day? • Water needs vary • Influential factors • Fluids and foods • DRI • Metabolic water • Sweating • Choosing fluids • Caffeine

12. U.S. Fluid Sources

13. Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health Than Others? • Types of water • Hard • Calcium and magnesium • Soft • Sodium • Hypertension

14. Safety and Sources of Drinking Water • Public water • Removal of many hazards • Disinfectants • Testing and reporting • Chlorination and cancer • Water sources • Surface water • Groundwater

15. Bottled Water • Regulation and safety • Sales across state lines • Standards • Less rigid than those for tap water • BPA • IBWA trademark • Water for nutrition’s sake • Fluoride

16. Body Fluids and Minerals • Water follows salt • Electrolytes • Water flows toward greater concentration • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Causes of imbalance • Acid-base balance • Hydrogen • Buffers

17. How Electrolytes Govern Water Flow

18. Calcium • Most abundant mineral in the body • Meeting DRI recommendations • Storage facilities • Bones • In constant flux • Teeth

19. A Bone

20. Calcium • Bone and tooth formation • Hydroxyapatite • Fluorapatite • Bone and tooth turnover

21. Calcium • In body fluids • 1 percent of body’s calcium • Roles • Blood calcium is tightly controlled • Calcium balance • Skeleton serves as a calcium bank • Bone density • Organs

22. Calcium • Bone loss • Inevitable consequence of aging • Peak bone mass • Osteoporosis • Supplements • Calcium absorption • Increases in times of need • Recommendations

23. Bone Throughout Life

24. Calcium Snapshot

25. Phosphorus • Second most abundant mineral in body • Majority found in bones with calcium • Roles in the body • Recommendations • Deficiencies are unlikely • Food sources

26. Phosphorus Snapshot

27. Magnesium • “Major mineral” • Dietary requirement • Bones and kidneys • Roles in the body • Works with calcium • Deficiency • Toxicity • Recommendations

28. Magnesium Snapshot

29. Sodium • Roles • Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance • Acid-base balance • Deficiency • “Water Weight” • Recommendations • Intakes

30. Sodium and Salt Intake Guidelines

31. Sodium • Blood pressure • Hypertension • Measures • Types • Sodium intakes increases blood pressure • Heart damage • DASH diet • Controlling salt intakes

32. How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque Lunch

33. Potassium • Positively charge ion inside the cells • Roles • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Heartbeat • Deficiency • Dehydration • Toxicity • Recommendations

34. Potassium Snapshot

35. Chloride and Sulfate • Chloride • Crucial for fluid balance • Hydrochloric acid • Principle food source • Sulfate • Roles • No recommended intake • Deficiencies are unknown

36. Trace Minerals

37. Iodine • Body’s work is done by iodide • Roles • Thyroxine • Deficiency • Goiter • Cretinism • Toxicity • Food sources

38. Iron • Every living cell contains iron • Two proteins • Hemoglobin • Myoglobin • Roles • Carry oxygen • Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters

39. Iron • Iron stores • A mineral to be hoarded • Iron losses • Special proteins transport and store iron • Absorbing iron • Forms of iron in food • MFP factor • Impairing iron absorption

40. Iron • Deficiency • Iron deficiency • Iron-deficiency anemia • Signs of deficiency • Mental symptoms • Adults • Children • Pica

41. Normal and Anemic Blood Cells

42. Iron • Causes of deficiency • Groups most susceptible to deficiency • Women of childbearing age • Infants and toddlers • Adolescents • Too much iron • Iron overload • Symptoms

43. Iron Snapshot

44. Zinc • Works with proteins in every organ • Roles • Expression of deficiency • Groups at greatest risk for deficiency • Vegetarians

45. Zinc Snapshot

46. Selenium • Roles in the body • Relationship with chronic disease • Cancer • Toxicity • Supplements • Sources

47. Fluoride • Not essential to life • Roles in the body • Roles in the body • Deficiency • Dental decay • Toxicity • Fluorosis • Sources

48. U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Water Systems

49. Chromium and Copper • Chromium • Roles in the body • Recommendation • Sources • Copper • Roles in the body • Deficiency • Toxicity

50. Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Nickel Silicon All trace minerals are toxic in excess! Other Trace Minerals and Some Candidates