Training course

1. Capacity building of the competent authorities for food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy EuropeAid/132281/D/SER/MK Training course Lecturer:MVDr. Josef Holejšovský PhD Place: Skopie, FYROM Date: 18-22 May 2015

2. Capacity building of the competent authorities for food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy EuropeAid/132281/D/SER/MK Content: Title B:General bio security measures on farm, with emphasis on pig and poultry farms

3. Some Epidemiological Aspests Communicable diseases Noninfectious and Noncontagious Dis. e.g.: - Infestations exclusively transm. by vectors (Filaria, etc) - Genetic diseases etc. Infectious and Contagious dis. e.g.: - Rabies, - Brucelosis - FMD, ASF, CSF, HPAI, ND, Contagiousdis.e.g.: - Scabies, - Strongyloidiosis, - Fasciolosis Infectious, not contagious dis. e.g.: - Arborviroses - Horse sickness - Blue tongue

4. Some Epidemiological Aspests SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE Infectious agent Reservoir Susceptible host Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry

5. Some Epidemiological Aspests The setting for a infectious disease situation Pathogen Environment Host

6. Factors influencing disease transmission Environment Agent • Weather • Housing • Geography • Occupational • setting • Air quality • Food • Infectivity • Pathogenicity • Virulence • Immunogenicity • Antigenic stability • Survival Host • Age • Sex • Genotype • Behaviour • Nutritional status • Health status

7. Chain of Transmission Animal to Animal transmission Reservoir Susceptible Host Portal of exit Portal of entry Agent Mode of transmission

8. NATcURAL COURSE OF DISEASE Usual Time of Diagnosis PathologicOnset of Exposure ChangesSymptoms Stage of Stage of Stage of Stage of Recovery Susceptibility Subclinical Disease Clinical Disease Disability or Death PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARYPREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION Incubation Period

9. Prevention – better than cure Primary prevention: removing the determinants or risk factors of diseases:Ban on feed ofruminants with animal proteins, Ban on import ofanimalsfromcountriesorregionsnot free fromdangerousinfectiousdiseases (e.g.: exotic FMD, ASF etc) Secondary prevention:aims to early detect diseased individuals in order that the progression of the disease can be halted:e.g. early detection of outbreaks to avoid onset of secondary cases (important especially for diseases that can go unnoticed). Stamping out of highly contagious diseases Tertiary prevention: main scope is to reduce distress from diseases for which treatment is not effective, is often difficult to distinguish from therapeutic intervention

10. Prevention and control aspects • Desinfection -physicalmethods - chemicalmethods • Chemotherapy & Chemoprophylaxis - sulphonamids, etc • Improved management systems- biosecurity • Controlofinsectvectorsor • Wildlife reservoirs – mammals, birds- knowtheepidemiologicalsituationwithinthepopulations Are additionalmeasureswhichmaybeused.

11. Prevention and control aspects • Thephysicalmethodsavailableforinactivating infectiousagentsinclude: • heat(moistor dry), • ultravioletlight and • irradiation. • Thermalinactivation- most widelyusedphysicalmethods • However, thereiswidevariation in the susceptibility ofinfectiousagents to thermalinactivation.

12. Prevention and control aspects • Thermalinactivation • Most vegetativebacteria and many virusesare rapidlyinactivatedat 100°C. • FMD virus as well as many othervirusescansurvive a temperatureof 95°C for 15 secondsbut isreliablyinactivatedat 148°C in 3 seconds. • Bacterialendospores - a temperatureof 121°C for 15 minutesisrequiredforthedestructionof. • Prions - highlyresistantto chemicaldisinfectants and to heat: - Autoclaving (moistheat) at121°C for up to 5 hours - Renderingparameters: 133 °C, 3 bars, 20 minutes

13. Prevention and control of animal diseases • Chemical desinfection • Mycoplasmas, Eenveloped viruses, Gram positive and Gramnegative bacteriaaresusceptible to the most chemical disinfectants; • Non enveloped viruses and Acid fast bacteria (Mycobacterium..) are moderately resistant, • c • Bacterial endospores and Coccidial oocysts are highly resistant to chemical compounds. • Prions are extremely resistantto chemical inactivation

14. Prevention and control of animal diseases • Safe thorough cleaning is the first stepin a disinfection programme and this measure alone will remove most of the infectious agents from equipment or from a building. • Chemical compounds are used to • destroy residual infectivity, especiallyin inaccessible locations and also to • render a building before cleaning when dealing with zoonotic diseases such as anthrax

15. General Biosecurity • Definition: • Biosecurity is the implementation of measures that reduce the risk of the introduction and spread of disease agents.It requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviors by people to reduce risk in all activities involving domestic, captive/exotic and wild animals and their products” • Biosecurity is the management of risks to the economy, the environment, and the community, of pests and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or spreading. • Biosecurity can be implemented off-shore, at the border and on-farm.

16. Biosecurity components • Increase the animal's ability to resist disease; • Eliminate sources of the infectious agent ; • Minimize the number of contacts that might result in disease; • Thekey to goodbiosecurityisreducing and controlling themovementsofpeople, vehiclesorequipmentintoareaswhereyourfarmanimals are kept.

17. General Biosecurity The Benefits of Biosecurity • Helps keep out diseases • Reduces the risks • Limits the spread of disease • Improves overall health of the animals • Reduces mortality losses • Improves profitability

18. Farm Biosecurity • Farmbiosecurityis a set ofmeasuresdesigned to protect a propertyfromtheentry and spreadofpests, diseases and weeds. • Farmbiosecurityisthefarmer´sresponsibility, and thatofevery person visitingorworking on farmer´sproperty. The most importantmeasures to betakenatfarm: • controlofentry(check and evidence) ofallpersons • controlofentryofanimals • Control (check and evidence) ofentryofvehicules

19. Farm Biosecurity Where the farmer has been? • Farmermay be his own biggest risk • Designated clothes and boots for the poultry / pigs houses • How clean are the floor boards of the trucks? • Have you been near birds (hunting, farm ponds, pet stores, zoos, parks)

20. Biosecurity • Where do destructive diseases come from ? Sources: • 1. Bought-in pigs from auctions, speculators; • 2. People: neighbours, family, friends, reps. officials, vets; • 3. Swill, especially if it includes animal tissues; • 4. Vehicles from millers, butchers, dealers; • 5. Containers, especially second-hand feed sacks; • 6. Birds, dogs, rodents; • 7. Water, dust, wind

21. Biosecurity How Disease is Spread • People • Vehicles • Equipment • Disease Animals • Carrier Animals • Fecal Material • Body Discharges • Contaminated Feed and Water

22. Other routes of pathogen transmission Aerosol • Pathogens can be transmitted by air, sometimes surprisingly long distances. • The efficacy of airborne transmission strongly depends on geographical and climatic conditions. • It also depends on virus load being emitted from the source herd, which is proportional its size and numbers animals present. • The resistance of the pathogen to drying and sunlight determines its ability to spread through the air

23. Routes of pathogen transmission Fomites (mechanical transmission) • Vehicles, especially those used for transporting pigs, are also efficient vectors of pathogens and need due care. • Birds, insects, rodents and other pest are known to transport pathogens • Pandemic H1N1 doesn’t survive long in environment • Role of wild birds in transmission is unknown, not proved

24. Vehicular Traffic • Feed, Livestock & Service trucks • Perimeter fencing • Disinfecting stations • Load outs (incoming vs outgoing) • Bulk bin access • Drivers • boots, coveralls,

25. Biosecurity and services • Veterinarians , insemination technicians.. • possibility to wash and change clothes, boots…. • for high top pig breeding herds farmer want to know the clients of vet and other servicemen

26. The routes of Disease transmission People • It is clear that humans can transport the pathogens on boots, clothes, and hands. • Entry decontamination protocols • Hand wash (shower) change of clothes • Farm workers must not own pigs at home • Thieves are a problem, not just because they steal pigs or equipment, but also because they may not stop to read the biosecurity protocols first)

27. Biosecurity Rodents, Animals and Insects • The only animal that needs to be in a chicken house is a chicken, in a pig house is a pig • Active rodent control (bait stations and fresh bait) • Clean up spilled grain and feed • Keep dogs and cats out of the pig and poultry houses • Insects carry disease, • Birdscarrydisease as well

28. How is Biosecurity Achieved? • Outside Perimeter • High fences prevent intruders such as animals and people from entering the premises and possibly transmitting diseases to the flock.

29. How is Biosecurity Achieved? • Bait Stations • Reduces the risk of rodents, which are small enough to easily get into facilities and carry many pathogens, from infecting the flock.

30. How is Biosecurity achieved? • Sanitation of Equipment and Supplies • The purpose of sanitizing equipment, surfaces, and supplies is to reduce pathogens.  • This is especially important in preventing the spread of diseases between neighboring flocks.

31. How is Biosecurity achieved? • Good Hygiene • Prior to entering the facility, employees and visitors should demonstrate good hygiene by showering and wearing clean designated clothing such as boot covers, hairnets, and cover-als. 

32. How is Biosecurity achieved? • Footbaths • Footbaths are placed outside the door of all facilities and contain disinfectants, reducing the risk of bringing pathogens inside the buildings. 

33. Biosecurity in poultry farm Foccused on HPAI

34. Water fowls and migratory birdsare the most potential agents to transmit the HPAI virus. These birds ifinfecteddo not getill but they are healthy carriers and shed virus through their feces (droppings) and other body secretions.

35. DIRECT Mechanisms of Influenza Virus Antigenic “Shift” Non-human virus Human virus Reassortant virus

36. The ducks are being raised outside. They are free to comingle with migratory birds. This poses a huge biosecurity risk. The barn in the picture is full of hogs. The manure from the hogs is running out to where the ducks are living. This poses a risk as the hogs, biologically, serve as a mixing vessel for disease organisms, which makes genetic mutation much easier, ultimately contributing to the risk of a human pandemic. PIGS HOG MANURE

37. Biosecurity Mortality ! • Be aware of changes in mortality patterns • Observe the birds • Collect dead birds frequently • Dispose of them in a proper way • A pile of rotting birds is not composting: make sure adequate temperature is reached • Keep animals out of the composter

38. Know the Warning Signs of Infectious Bird Diseases • Sudden increasein bird deaths in your flock. • Lack of energy and poor appetite. • Sneezing, gasping for air,coughing, nasal discharge • Watery and green diarrhea. • Swelling around the eyes, neck, and head. • Tremors, drooping wings, circling, twisting of the head and neck, or lack of movement (ND) Early detection is important to prevent the spread of disease.

39. Transmission to humans • Close contact with infected birds and through aerosols, discharges and surfaces • Virus is excreted in feces, which dries, pulverized and inhaled • Flapping of wings hasten transmission

40. Stages of Avian and Pandemic Preparedness Stage 1: Avian influenza-free country Stage 2: Avian influenza in domestic fowl Stage 3: Avian influenza from poultry to humans Stage 4 - Human-to-human transmission (pandemic influenza) in the country

41. Stage 1: Keeping Country Bird Flu Free Prevention of entry of the virus: • Ban of all poultry and poultry products from AI-infected countries • Border control • Ban on sale, keeping in captivity of wild birds • Biosecurity measures • Standardized footbath • Confiscation and destruction of unlicensed cargo • Surveillance of Poultry in Critical Areas • Influenza vaccination for all poultry workers, handlers

42. STAGE 2: Avian Influenza in Domestic Fowl Individuals at risk • Poultry handlers/workers • Sellers/ people in live chicken sale • Aviary workers/ Ornithologists • Cullers • People living near poultry farms • Any individual in close contact with infected birds

43. STAGE 2: Avian Influenza in Domestic Fowl • Prevention of spread from birds-to birds:early recognition and reporting, mass culling, quarantine of affected area • Prevention of spread from birds to humans:human protection through proper handling of infected birds, use of protective gear by residents, poultry handlers, and response teams

44. STAGE 2: Avian Influenza in Domestic Fowl Response to sick or dead birds • Protection of exposed residents – gloves/ plastic material in handling sick or dead birds, hand washing • Personal protective equipment for cullers – caps, masks, goggles, gowns • Identification of exposed individuals and quarantine for 7 days • Reporting to the Health EmergencyResponse Team/ local health officer

45. STAGE 3- Avian Influenza in Humans Community response • Patient: face mask, in a separate area or at least 1 meter distance from other people • Monitoring of contacts of the case • Protection of caregiver : face mask and goggles or eye glasses, hand washing, self-monitoring for signs and symptoms • Immediate transfer to the Referral Hospital • Protection of the transporting team and disinfection of vehicle

46. Strategic Approaches • Use of antiviral agents • Infection control • Quarantine of contacts • Import ban • Border control • Wildlife Act • Early recognition/ reporting • Mass culling, • Quarantine of affected area • Management of public panic • Early recognition/ • reporting • Proper handling • of birds • Protective gear • Management of • public panic • Passenger entry-exit • management • Border control • Quarantine of • contacts • Isolation • Management of cases • Social distancing • Personal hygiene • Management of • public panic

47. Biosecurity Foccused on pig farms

48. The routes of Disease transmission • Pigs • Most frequently diseases move with infected pigs • Do not move sick pigs But • Pigsincubating the disease may not be clinically ill yet • Recovered pigs may appear healthy but can spread disease

49. Action points • Inspect pigs before moving • Use test to detect disease • Antibody tests for previous exposure • elisa • Antigen for incubating disease • PCR • Quarantine incoming pigs

50. The Infection of Pigs with “Zoonotic” Salmonella spp. There are 3 mechanisms of the Salmonella infection at herd level: 1) Thehorizontal transmission of Salmonella spp. from the environment into the herd 2) Thevertical transmission: Sowpiglet, pigletweaner, weanermarket pig 3) Thepermanent infection-contamination infection cycle = “on-farm perpetuation”