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In situ gap analysis of genetic diversity of wild Coffea species from Mauritius

In situ gap analysis of genetic diversity of wild Coffea species from Mauritius. Ehsan Dulloo IPGRI. Coffea macrocarpa , a wild coffee relative. Overview. Background on target taxa and region Steps in Gap analysis Ecogeographic survey Genetic diversity analysis

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In situ gap analysis of genetic diversity of wild Coffea species from Mauritius

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  1. In situ gap analysis of genetic diversity of wild Coffea species from Mauritius Ehsan Dulloo IPGRI Coffea macrocarpa, a wild coffee relative Workshop 2: Threat and conservation assessment

  2. Overview • Background on target taxa and region • Steps in Gap analysis • Ecogeographic survey • Genetic diversity analysis • Conservation Priorities • Lessons learnt

  3. Background on Coffee • Important beverage world wide • Family : Rubiaceae • Sub Family: Ixoroideae • Tribe: Coffeeae • Sections: Paracoffea, Argocoffea, Mascarocoffea and Eucoffea • >100 species world wide; endemic to Africa • All species are diploid (2n=22) and outcrossing except C. arabica (allotetraploid) and is self sterile

  4. Mascarene islands Natural Distribution of coffee species in Africa and Madagascar

  5. Mascarenes islands • 3 Volcanic islands SW of Indian ocean- Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues • Uninhabited • Rich diversity of endemic plants – 955 native flowering plant taxa (73% endemic) • Mauritius- 685 natives; 311 endemics • With human colonisation-rapid deforestation

  6. Threats • Deforestation • Land clearing for agriculture • Habitat alteration • Invasive alien species (introduced animals & plants)

  7. Conservation history • Pioneering ecological studies in 1930’s – Native vegetation: Palm savannah, Lowland dry forest, Upland wet montane rainforest • 1950’s- Creation of protected areas- Nature Reserves • 1970s- conservation reports on Mauritius; focus on CR endemic avifauna • 1980’s – IUCN/WWF Plant programme- rescue critically endangered plants through ex situ conservation, Red data book

  8. In situ conservation • Species Ecosystem • Establishment of Conservation Management areas within PAs • Elimination of invasives, active restoration, permanent quadrats • 1990s – Creation of first National Park on Mauritius

  9. Coffea mauritiana Coffea macrocarpa Coffea myrtifolia Target taxa

  10. Target Coffea taxa Coffea mauritiana Lam. • Mauritius & La Reunion endemic • Conservation status: • Mauritius: CR (B 1,2a); • La Reunion VU (C 2a) • Threats: • alien species • People picking wild fruits • Seed predation by pigs, birds • Ecology: Mid to high altitude wet montane rainforest

  11. Target taxa • Coffea macrocarpa A. Rich • Endemic to Mauritius • Conservation status: VU (C 2a) • Threats: Aliens species, deer grazing, people picking wild fruits • Ecology: Widespread distribution in the upland climax montane rain forest to lowland moist forest and open dwarf Sideroxylon forest

  12. Target taxa Coffea myrtifolia (A. Rich ex DC) leroy • Endemic to Mauritius • Conservation status: EN (B 1,2ciii; D) • CR – AOO <10km2 and a total population of 150 indiv. • known from at least 5 pop and one has >50 individuals • Threats: alien species, browsing by deer, habitat alteration, low genetic variability, seed predation • Ecology: Evergreen dry forest

  13. Objective of the study Gap analysis of wild Coffea of Mauritius to ensure that genetic diversity is effectively and efficiently conserved in protected areas

  14. Gap Analysis • Gap analysis is a method for identifying gaps in network of conservation areas. • Analysis should allow identification of hotspots which might offer efficient conservation opportunities • Allows setting of priorities • Helping in reserve selection and design

  15. Steps in Gap analysis • Identify and classify biodiversity • Focus in on wild coffea species and the extent and distribution of its genetic diversity • Locate areas managed primarily for biodiversity • Area of occurrence within native vegetation areas and protected areas or under management • Identify biodiversity that is unrepresented in those managed areas • Compare distribution of Coffea spp. with protected areas • Set priorities for conservation actions • Recommendation for protected areas or other conservation actions

  16. Ecogeographic survey • Purpose was to map distribution of wild Coffea spp. in the Mascarene • Herbarium survey- 248 specimen were examined • C. mauritiana: 6 localities in MRU & 25 in REU • C. macrocarpa: 18 localities • C. myrtifolia: 8 localities • Field work- based on • Herbarium survey • Information from specialists, local field workers • 26 localities were surveyed in MRU & REU • Distribution maps containing historical & actual sites

  17. Table 1: Main herbarium collection of Mascarene Coffea taxa. (Codes from Holmgren et al. 1990)

  18. Distribution maps of wild coffee were produced C. mauritiana

  19. Genetic diversity studies • Purpose was • to determine the genetic relationships between coffee species and • to study the distribution of genetic diversity in wild populations and compare with existing conservation areas • Allows to define which areas have highest genetic diversity i.e. genetic hotspots areas (within population diversity) • 16 populations were studied using RAPD markers

  20. RAPD • 20 different primers were screened • 12 produced clear and discrete bands • Of these, two primers (OPA-04 and OPI-20), were selected for the RAPD assay of all the Coffea accessions (5 indiv. per population). • 85 polymorphic bands were used for the analysis • Similarity index matrix was generated using simple matching coefficient with NTSYS-pc software to construct dendrograms using the UPGMA

  21. Genetic analysis • 25 of 85 polymorphic bands were unique to one of the four clusters • Within population genetic diversity (Hj) is more important at looking for GD hotspots • High diversity in MDR, PCH, FLO, MDC and MLO • Low diversity in C. myrtifolia (small population sizes)

  22. Cluster analysis • Taxonomic confirmation about three species + One cluster for MDC population • C. mauritiana: Clear distinction between accessions Mru & Reu

  23. Gaps in protected areas • Important populations of C. macrocarpa are not located in PA – MDC, MDR, BBL • Many populations within PA are also in Conservation Management Areas • C. mauritiana: No PA in Reunion; No CMA at Plaine Champagne (Mru) • Population of C. myrtifolia are outside PA

  24. Criteria Conservation threat highest Are not in PA and/or managed areas Populations which have high GD Socio-economic and political factors Priority Montagne des Creoles (MDC) C. myrtifolia population: Magenta C. mauritiana in Reu PCH pop in Mru Priorities for in situ conservation

  25. Lessons learnt • Value of ecogeographic surveys • Conservation threats assessment • Value of genetic analysis and determination of genetic diversity hotspots • Helps in validating taxonomic relatedness among species • Effectiveness of protected areas • Setting up of priorities for conservation

  26. Thank you

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