Plant structure - cells, tissue, organisation & growth Leaves and photosynthesis

2. Plant structure - cells, tissue,organisation & growth Leaves and photosynthesis C4 photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis Plant water relations Plants and nutrients Plant reproduction - asexual - sexual reproduction - pollination - seed dispersal

3. Shoot system Root system

4. Shoot system Lateral roots Root system Taproot

5. Shoot system Leaves Stem Lateral roots Root system Taproot

6. Shoot system Branch Leaves Stem Lateral roots Root system Taproot

7. Apical bud Lateral bud Shoot system Branch Leaves Stem Lateral roots Root system Taproot

8. Apical bud Node Lateral bud Internode Node Shoot system Branch Leaves Stem Lateral roots Root system Taproot

9. Basic functions of roots, stems and leaves:

10. Roots • Roots: • Find and absorb water • Find and absorb nutrients • Host symbionts • Anchorage and support • Attachment • Photosynthesis • Storage • Breathing or ventilation (mangroves) • Reproduction

11. Absorbing water and nutrients

12. Roots of pea plant Nodules Host symbionts

13. Anchorage and support

15. Attachment

16. Photosynthesis!

17. Storage

18. pneumatophores

19. Asexual reproduction

20. Stems

21. Transport and support.

22. Cactus stems store water, photosynthesize.

23. Stolons produce new individuals at nodes above ground.

24. Rhizomes produce new individuals at nodes below ground.

25. Tubers store carbohydrates.

26. Thorns provide protection.

27. Leaves • Intercept light • Fix CO2 • Storage • Food • Water • Support • Protection (spines) • Collect nutrients • Animals • Leaves and compost • Reproduction • Asexual • Sexual (pollination)

28. Sunlight Shoot system CO2 Transport of water, sugar, and nutrients through vascular tissue Root system Water Nutrients (such as N, P, K)

29. Plant structure • - cells, tissue, organisation & growth • Leaves and photosynthesis • C4 photosynthesis • CAM photosynthesis • Plant water relations • Plants and nutrients • Plant reproduction • asexual • sexual reproduction • - pollination • - seed dispersal

30. Growth Determinate growth

31. Growth Determinate growth Indeterminate growth

33. Growth Determinate growth Indeterminate growth

34. Growth Determinate growth Indeterminate growth

35. (a) Longitudinal section of root segment Primary Growth Lateral root Zone of Cellular Maturation Root hair (b) Close-up of root tip Vascular tissue Zone of Cellular Elongation Ground tissue Epidermal tissue Zone of Cellular Division Apical mersitem Sloughed-off root cap cells mucilage Root cap

36. Primary Growth Leaf primordia Apical meristem at tip of shoot Apical meristem in lateral bud

37. Primary growth

38. Secondary Growth Cross section of a eudicot stem Epidermis Cortex Pith (ground tissue) Vascular bundle

39. Detailed view of vascular bundle in a eudicot Epidermis Collenchyma Phloem Cambium Xylem

40. Secondary meristem = cambium

41. Secondary meristem = cambium Cylinders the length of root or stem

42. Secondary meristem = cambium Cylinders the length of root or stem Increase width of stems and roots

43. Woody stems contain two lateral meristems. Vascular cambium adds cells on inside and outside

44. Woody stems contain two lateral meristems. Vascular cambium adds cells on inside and outside Cork cambium adds cells to the outside

45. Wood and bark contain a variety of cells and tissues. Cork Cork cambium Bark Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Wood Parenchyma cells (in rays) Secondary xylem

46. Secondary phloem Differentiation Division Differentiation Division Differentiation Vascular cambium Division Growth Secondary xylem Time

47. Heartwood and sapwood have different functions. Heartwood provides structural support but no longer transports water Sapwood transports water Bark

48. Growth rings result from variation in cell size. Late wood One growth ring Early wood

49. Increment borer cuts core from trunk.

50. Core samples from three nearby trees These samples are lined up by year; notice similar ring patterns in trees from the same area