Chapter 4 The First Inhabitants

1. Chapter 4 The First Inhabitants

2. Themes: • Louisiana and the World Timeline (pp. 74-75) • Archaeology in Louisiana (pp. 76-77) • Archaic Period (pp. 78-79) • The Neo Period (pp. 80-85) • Historic Indians (pp. 86-88) • Historic Indian Culture (pp. 89-91) • Louisiana’s Native Americans Today (pp. 92-93) • Review (pp. 94-95)

3. I. Archaeology in Louisiana • Knowledge of prehistoric Native Americans culture comes through the careful study of artifacts. • European explorers recorded observations in letters, diaries, and government reports. • Those first-hand accounts, along with sketches and artifacts, provide more detailed information about historic Indian cultures. GLEs: 74, 78

4. Archaeologist

5. Landbridgefrom Asia

6. II. Paleo Period (10000-6000 B.C.) • Last great Ice Age ends. • Paleo Indians arrive in Louisiana. • Ice Age animals become extinct.

7. A. The Paleo People • Lived from 10,000-6.,000 B.C. • During the Ice Age when ocean levels dropped, Siberian people migrated across the land bridge to Alaska in search of game. • Some moved down the coast all the way to the tip of South America. • Paleo Indians spoke a developed language, made fine clothing of skins, baskets of split cane, spear points, and tools of flint and wove cloth from palmetto fibers. • They were nomads who hunted big game and traveled in small extended-family groups of 30-40 people.

8. Mammoth Hunt

9. III. Archaic Period (6000-2000 B.C.) • Modern Louisiana climate and landforms are in place. • Indians become hunter gatherers. • First Indian mounds are built in America. • Stonehenge and Egyptian pyramids are constructed in the Old World. GLEs: 64, 70, 74, 78

10. A. Archaic Indians • They were hunter gatherers who enjoyed a rich, varied diet. • The warming climate made this diet possible. • Food was plentiful, so they didn’t need to travel as much and probably moved with the seasons over a smaller area.

11. B. Archaic Genius • Practiced maximum forest efficiency and developed a variety of new weapons and tools, including the atlatl • They were the original mound builders.

12. C. Watson Brake • Located near the Ouachita River • Eleven mounds were discovered to have organic material dating back to 3500 B.C. • Among the oldest mounds in the United States • Indian Mounds were also found on Louisiana State University campus.

13. Louisiana Archaeology Sites

14. **A Short Painful Life (Read more about it on page 79)

15. IV. Neo Period (2000 B.C.-1492 A.D.) • Last prehistoric period of Native Americans • Poverty Point and other cultures rise and fall. • Pottery and bow and arrow are introduced. • Agriculture is adopted. • Mound building reaches its peak. • Greek and Roman civilizations rise and fall in the Old World. GLEs:64, 65, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78

16. A. The Poverty Point Culture • Located in East Carroll Parish near Epps • Today, it is a historic site. • Six huge earthen ridges built in a semi-circle next to Bayou Macon • The people were hunter-gathers; Poverty Point was a major trading center. • The Poverty Point culture dominated the Mississippi Valley.

17. Arrowheads

18. Bird Mound

19. **Poverty Point Figurines (Read more about it on page 81)

20. B. The Tchefuncte Culture (600 B.C.-200 A.D.) • Hunting-gathering people who appeared after the collapse of the Poverty Point culture • Sites on the Gulf Coast have thick shell middens, which were created when people lived in one place for a long time. They ate thousands of mussels and clams and tossed the shells into piles. Over the years, these piles of shells formed ridges called shell middens. • First Louisiana Indians to make large amounts of pottery

21. C. The Hopewell and Marksville Cultures (200 B.C.- 400 A.D.) • Lived in the Ohio River Valley • Established a complex trade system, built large mounds and earthworks, buried artifact and their dead, and organized powerful governments. • Culture spread and was adapted by the Marksville culture. • Marksville State Historic Site

22. Marksville Burial Mound

23. D. The Troyville-Coles Creek Culture (400-1100 A.D.) • Replaced the Marksville culture • Built larger mounds inside an earthen rampart (levee) • Began cultivating plants such as squash, sunflowers, and gourds • Marked the beginning of agriculture, which ended Indians’ nomadic lifestyle • Introduced bow and arrow

24. Cross-Section of a Burial Mound

25. 2,000-Year-Old Pottery

26. E. The Caddo Culture (800 A.D.-Present) • Indians in northwest Louisiana • Very sophisticated • Complex social class system and powerful rulers • Farmers and traders

27. F. The Plaquemine-Mississippian Culture (1000-1500 A.D.) • Farmed and lived in villages

28. **Louisiana Indian Mounds (Read more about it on page 84)

29. V. Historic Indians • Six Indian language groups and many tribes occupy Louisiana. • Europeans arrive in America. GLEs: 70, 74, 76, 78

30. Historic Louisiana Indians

31. A. The Caddo • Six tribes in northwest Louisiana, southwest Arkansas, east Texas, and southeast Oklahoma • Trading was important.

32. B. The Attakapas “Man-Eater” • Lived in southwest Louisiana and the Texas Gulf Coast • They were cannibals, which means they ate human flesh.

33. C. The Chitimacha • Lived in south-central Louisiana along Bayou Teche and the Atchafalaya River • They farmed, hunted, and fished.

34. D. The Muskogean • Lived in southeast Louisiana around Lake Pontchartrain and the Florida Parishes • Tribes include the Choctaw, Bayougoula, Tangipahoa, Coushatta, Houma, and Quinipissas-Mugalashas.

35. E. The Natchez • Main village was located near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi. • Farmers with a complex class system • Worshipped the sun

36. F. The Tunica • They were great traders. • Lived in modern-day Angola Parish • Joined with another tribe and became Tunica-Biloxi

37. VI. Historic Indian Culture GLEs: 75, 78, 79, 81

38. A. Agriculture • Grew three basic crops—corn, beans, and squash • Indians used a method called mound farming. • Historic Indians rotated crops because some crops robbed nutrients from the soil, and other crops replaced those nutrients.

39. Fish remained an important part of the Indians’ diet—even after they began farming.

40. B. Diet • Indians probably ate a healthier diet than most Europeans. • Soups, breads, cakes, dumplings, hominy, and corn dishes were their favorite foods. • They ate fish, deer, and buffalo. • They wasted nothing.

41. The Three Sisters(Corn, Beans, Squash)

42. C. Villages • Some settlements were large cities, while others were just a few homes. • The settlements included family dwellings as well as larger public buildings. • The construction of a dwelling varied according to the tribe and the season.

43. D. Personal Appearance • Men were about five-and-a-half feet tall. • Women were about five feet tall. • Both men and women wore breechcloths or skirts and were bare-chested. • Hairstyles were very important and had significant social meaning. • The people adorned themselves with shell, stone, pearls, and large spools and had elaborate tattoos.

44. E. Religion • They believed in animism, which teaches that people associate with spirits every day. • Most groups had a creation story. • Shamans are priests or holy people who interact with spirits to ask for help and special favors.

45. F. Society and Women • Some tribes had several chiefs. • They has a complex class system. • It was relatively easy for Indians to move up through the class system. • Women had great power and influence and did most of the physical labor. • They had a matriarchal system, so women usually owned the houses, fields, and crops. • Chiefs and property descended through the mother’s bloodline. • A woman had the right to divorce her husband.

46. G. Clans & Family: • Each family believed it descended from a particular animal. • Within each tribe were different clans that were like large extended families. • Ancestors were honored, and elders were respected. • Children were never whipped, but they were punished in other ways. • Children were usually raised by their mother’s brother, who taught and disciplined them. • A child’s biological fathers was like an uncle, not like a father. He spent most of his time raising his sister’s children.

47. H. Crime and Punishment • Thieves might be beaten or forced to replace stolen items. • Minor crimes were sometimes settled by the guilty party giving the victim a gift. • Only rape, incest, murder, or witchcraft were punished with the death penalty.

48. VII. Louisiana’s Native Americans Today GLEs:70, 75, 80, 81

49. A. Federal Recognition • Our state has one of the largest Indian populations in the entire Southeast. • Four Louisiana tribes have earned federal recognition. • In order to get recognition, the nation must provide historical documents that show it has always existed as a distinct community. • It must prove it has maintained continuous culture and an unbroken line of leadership. • The nation also must prove it descended from a historic group and show where the group lived in the past.

50. B. The Chitimacha • The group has a 260-acre reservation at Charenton with a fish-processing plant, a school, and a museum.