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Introduction to Biotechnology

Unit C: Competency 7.00 – Explain the historical development of the biotechnology industry. Introduction to Biotechnology. What is biotechnology? Root Words – Bio and Technology

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Introduction to Biotechnology

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  1. Unit C: Competency 7.00 – Explain the historical development of the biotechnology industry Introduction to Biotechnology

  2. What is biotechnology? • Root Words – Bio and Technology • The use of living organisms and their cells to solve problems or make useful products for the greater good of mankind and the environment Biotechnology

  3. How long have living organisms met our needs? • For thousands of years through sustenance and comfort : food, shelter, clothing, fuel • So what makes biotechnology different if it’s the use of living organisms to make life better? • Modification of living organism and their cells through technological advancements The Revolution?

  4. The Stone Age! (10,000 years ago) • When we domesticated plants and animals we inherently changed their genetics, how? • Selective Breeding – we took away their natural breeding procedures • 8,000 Years Ago • Our ancestors used bacteria, yeast and fungus, how? • Microbial fermentation where these microbes converted grapes into wine, milk into cheese and yogurt, and grains into bread When did this begin?

  5. Virtually all antibiotics come from microbes Vitamins added to breakfast cereals Enzymes that convert cornstarch to high-fructose corn syrup (which is in lots of products) Farmers used microbes since the 19th century to control insect crop pests and inoculate nitrogen-fixing bacteria into soil to increase crop yield Microbes used to treat sewage Certain vaccines come from live (weakened) bacteria What else does biotechnology do for us?

  6. Robert Hooke (1665) • Invented the compound light microscope • First to observe cells in cork – first to really apply the word “Cell” • Sometimes called “The Father of Modern Science” The History: People

  7. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) • A Dutchman who is credited with the discovery of bacteria using a simple microscope • The “Father of Microscopy” The History: People

  8. Gregor Mendel (1863) • Austrian Monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants • Considered the “Father of Genetics” The History: People

  9. Louis Pasteur (1870s) • Disproved the notion of spontaneous generation • A hypothetical process that stated living matter could generate from nonliving matter “spontaneously” • Described the role of bacteria in spoilage and the science behind fermentation • Created the rabies vaccine The History: People

  10. http://www.ted.com/talks/james_watson_on_how_he_discovered_dna.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/james_watson_on_how_he_discovered_dna.html • James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) • Englishman from Cambridge University and American from Chicago responsible for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA • Used X-Ray photography to take pictures of the DNA structure The History: People

  11. Paul Berg (1972) • Stanford University scientist • First developed recombinant DNA technology • A method for insertion of genetic material from one organism to another The History: People

  12. Unit C: Competency 7.02 – Discuss the Importance of the Biotechnology Industry Introduction to Biotechnology

  13. Industry Characteristics • Research is conducted by small companies, large corporations, and public universities Biotechnology Industry

  14. Industry Characteristics • Funding comes from a variety of sources including both public (government) and private (companies and foundations) sources • Example: California passed their own $300 billion referendum for research in stem cells in ‘04 • Focuses on a variety of research areas including health/medicine, food science, environmental science, & Agriscience Biotechnology Industry

  15. Impact of the Biotechnology Industry • Genetically modified organisms are consumed by millions of people almost everyday • Almost 56% of all soybean plantings worldwide are genetically engineered (especially in the US) Biotechnology Industry

  16. Impact of the Biotechnology Industry • Genetically modified crops were produced on more than 167 million acres in 18 countries in 2003, a 15% increase from 2002 • The US was the largest single producer with more than 60% of the total acreage in production Biotechnology Industry

  17. The NC Biotech Center predicts that the biotechnology industry in the state will contribute more than $25 billion in annual income each year within the next 25 years Biotechnology Industry

  18. Unit C: Competency 7.03: Examine the historical impact of biotechnology on the field of agriculture Introduction to Biotechnology

  19. 1. (1750 BC – Early Civilizations) Origins of biotechnology emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding – • Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation) • Use of natural enzymes in yogurt • The use of yeast in bread • Process of fermentation to make wine and beer Historical development of biotechnology

  20. 2. (1869) DNA is discovered in trout sperm by German, Friedrich Miescher Historical development of biotechnology

  21. 3. (1919) The word biotechnology is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer 4. (1940s-1950s) The race began amongst scientists to discover the structure of DNA Historical development of biotechnology

  22. 5. (1980) The U.S. Supreme Court Approves the patenting of genetically altered organisms Historical development of biotechnology

  23. 6. (1980s-1990s) A variety of Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs) and biotechnology techniques are introduced in fields of agriculture and medicine -Recombinant DNA technology – extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing for more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals -Plant Tissue Culture – gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants Historical development of biotechnology

  24. 7. (1990s) First transgenic organisms are introduced in widespread agricultural production, mainly in agronomy -BT corn and soybeans are introduced offering an easier way for farmers to have insect resistance -A gene was taken from the Baccilusthuringensis bacterium and inserted into the corn -These gene contains an endotoxin that kills Lepidoptera larvae, which is the European Corn Borer Historical development of biotechnology https://www.isaaa.org/resources/videos/mandy_fanny/default.asp

  25. 8. (1997) Dolly is the first animal to be cloned from diploid cells in Scotland 9. (90s-present) Human cloning is outlawed in the US and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research begin to arise Historical development of biotechnology

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