CHAPTER 25

1. 1953–1979 CHAPTER 25 DOMESTIC DREAMS AND ATOMIC NIGHTMARES CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “…a decent home and suitable living environment for every American family…” Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954

3. TIMELINE 1953 Earl Warren appointed chief justice of Supreme Court The New Look military 1954 Housing Act Brown v. Board of Education CIA helps overthrow legitimate Guatemalan government 1955 Emmett Till murdered in Mississippi Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on the bus The Bus Boycott Rebel Without a Cause movie premieres 1956 Interstate Highway Act Eisenhower reelected Elvis Presley on Ed Sullivan

4. TIMELINE continued 1957 The Little Rock Nine The Soviets launch Sputnik The Eisenhower Doctrine 1958 National Defense Education Act 1959 A Raisin In the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry Soviet leader Krushchev visits the United States Fidel Castro overthrows Batista in Cuba 1960 The Woolworth nonviolent protests Soviets shoot down Gary Powers and U-2 spy plane CIA helps overthrow Lumumba in the Republic of Congo John F. Kennedy elected President

5. TIMELINE continued 1961 Congress of Racial Equality organize the Freedom Rides Women Strike for Peace The Bay of Pigs The Berlin Wall goes up 1963 Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique Equal Pay Act Martin Luther King in Birmingham, Alabama Kennedy federalizes the Alabama National Guard Kennedy assassinated

6. DOMESTIC DREAMS AND ATOMIC NIGHTMARES Overview • Cold War, Warm Hearth • The Civil Rights Movement • The Eisenhower Years • Outsiders and Opposition • The Kennedy Era

7. COLD WAR, WARM HEARTH • Consumer Spending and the Suburban Ideal • Race, Class, and Domesticity • Women: Back to the Future

8. Consumer Spending and the Suburban Ideal • Americans have money, and they spend it in suburbia • Homes, domestic appliances, televisions, automobiles, vacations • Disneyland, Coney Island, drive-ins • Highways to help spread Americans around to avoid concentrated decimation in nuclear war

9. Race, Class, and Domesticity • “Red-lining” in neighborhoods bars minorities from home ownership • Shaker Heights, Ohio is an exception • Slums and vacant buildings still fill cities • Rural America: poor and unemployed • Migration from Kentucky and West Va.

10. Women: Back to the Future • After WWII, women found themselves back at home • Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963 • Colleges open up to women, but 1/4 of white female students married while in college; many drop out • Black middle class expands and enables a family to live off of father’s income; women able to work in “their own kitchens”

11. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Brown v. Board of Education • White Resistance, Black Persistence • Boycotts and Sit-Ins

12. Major Events of the African American Civil Rights Movement, 1953-1963

13. Brown v. Board of Education • Jim Crow laws supported by “separate but equal” clause • NAACP lawyers file suit against Topeka, Kansas Board of Education • Chief Justice Earl Warren rejects Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal…”

14. White Resistance, Black Persistence • Eisenhower disagreed with Brown v. Board of Education decision • Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas

15. Boycotts and Sit-Ins • Montgomery bus boycott • Martin Luther King, Jr. • African American students and the Woolworth’s in Greensboro • Freedom Rides

16. THE EISENHOWER YEARS • The Middle of the Road • “What’s Good for General Motors. . .” • Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy

17. The Middle of the Road • Pro-business legislative agenda for conservative support • Expanded New Deal programs • Social Security, unemployment compensation, minimum wage • Eisenhower believed continued large military budgets interfered with the country’s economic health

18. “What’s Good for General Motors. . .” • . . . is good for America.” • Pro-business legislation gives little regulation to companies; pollution and environmental damage inspire the future environmental movements • Cars and highways proliferate; profits for the auto, trucking, oil, tire industries, more vacations for families; air pollution increases

19. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy • The New Look • Nuclear deterrence, covert operations, anticommunism • Emergence of Third World • U.S. and Soviet Union vie for influence • The CIA • Iran and the Shah, Guatamala, Cuba • Eisenhower Doctrine: pledge to defend Middle Eastern countries “against overt armed aggression from….communism.”

20. OUTSIDERS AND OPPOSITION • Youth, Sex, and Rock ‘n’ Roll • Rebellious Men • Mobilizing for Peace and the Environment

21. Youth, Sex, and Rock ‘n’ Roll • Movies and Books: • James Dean, Rebel Without a Cause • Marlon Brando, The Wild One • Salinger, Catcher in the Rye • Music • African American R&B and Rock ‘N Roll: Presley, Little Richard, Ritchie Valens

22. Rebellious Men • White men rebel • The Organization Man, White Collar, The Lonely Crowd • Hefner and the Playboy • The Beats: Ginsberg, Kerouac

23. Mobilizing for Peace and the Environment • Rachel Carson, Silent Spring • Women Strike for Peace • November, 1961: suburban homemakers protest to “End the Arms Race, Not the Human Race.”

24. THE KENNEDY ERA • Domestic Policy • Foreign Policy • A Year of Turning Points

25. Domestic Policy • Continued pro-business agenda; corporate tax cuts • Increased minimum wage • Health care for the aged • Social Security benefits • Department of Housing and Urban Development

26. Foreign Policy • Peace Corps • Organization of American States and the Alliance for Progress • Increase in American military advisers in Vietnam • Cuba’s Bay of Pigs and the Missile Crisis • The Berlin Wall

27. A Year of Turning Points • The President’s Commission on the Status of Women • Civil Rights • The federalization of Alabama National Guard • Martin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington • Kennedy assassinated November 22, 1963