Terrorism Time L ine

1. Terrorism Time L ine Done by :anthony tan Mok yuan min Kwan Jia rui Tan yong Shen

2. Contemporary Terrorism(2000-present) Religious Roots (very early – 19th century) State Terrorism(1914-1930) Nationalist and Anarchists (1793-18 8 0) Terrorism After WW2(1940-2000)

3. Terrorism has currently no universal definition, even today. • It is not a new phenomena, with events dated back to medieval times. • It is constantly evolving, while retaining some of its defining characteristics. • Cause for its practice may range from political, to religious to personal. Introduction

4. Religious Roots

5. Sicari and Zealots • Jewish groups active during the Roman occupation of the first century Middle East • Hashishiyyin(Assasins) • 11cth century offshoot of a Shia Muslim sect known as Ismailis • Thugees • An Indian religious cult Example of early religious terrorism

6. Sicari • Sicari terrorism began as Jewish resistance to Roman rule in the region, which began in 40 BC. • Sicari murdered those (mainly Jews) they deemed apostate and thus selected for execution. • Objective: • To end Roman direct rule over the Jews. • The Sicariis most notable tactic was the use of short daggers to kill people.

7. Zealots targeted Romans and Greeks • Objective: • To end Roman direct rule over the Jews. • Such killings usually took place in daylight and in front of witnesses • Perpetrators using such acts to send a message to the Roman authorities and those Jews who collaborated with them. Zealots

8. Both had similar objectives • Although they were not terrorists in the modern sense, this method of murdering people in crowded places before slipping away did cause extreme anxiety among surrounding onlookers, and thus terrorize them. Sicari and Zealots

9. Assassins • Rumored that followers of the group drugged themselves before carrying out assassinations. • These assassinations had the purpose of creating fear and sending a message • Viewed their deaths on such operations as sacrificial and a guarantor that they would enter paradise

10. Assassins • One of the most well-known political murders attributed to the assassins was that the Conrad de Montferrat. • Two days before being crowned King of Jersualem, Conrad was stabbed in the side and back by two Assassins disguised as monks while walking to his palace. He died shortly afterward.

11. Thugees • The concept of Thuggee is known from the 17th century, though the term and/or activity possibly dates back as early as the 13th century. • In order to attempt the massacre, the Thugs needed to be numerous and well-coordinated. They also needed to be sufficiently stealthy, at least in the early stages, to begin their attack without rousing all at once.

12. Thugees • Ritually strangled their victims as an offering to the Hindu goddess of terror and destruction, Kali. • Intent was to terrify the victim rather than influence any external audience. • Thugees were perhaps the last example of religiously-inspired terrorism until the phenomenon re-emerged a little over 20 years ago.

13. Terrorism has a history relating to religion. • Religious terrorism are similar to modern terrorism, as both seek to instill fear in people, so as to send a message to a government/organisation. • Ruthless methods were utilized, similar to modern terrorism. Conclusion

14. Nationalist and Anarchists

15. The French Revolution provided the first uses of the words "Terrorist" and "Terrorism". Use of the word "terrorism" began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary government. • In the early revolutionary years, it was largely by violence that governments in Paris tried to impose their radical new order on a reluctant citizenry. • As a result, the first meaning of the word 'terrorism', as recorded by the Académie Française in 1798, was 'system or rule of terror'. French Revolution

16. The French revolutionary leader, Maximilien Robespierre, viewed terrorism as vital if the French Republic was to survive its infancy stating that : • “Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is not so much a special principle as it is a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country's most urgent needs.” Maximilien Robespierre

17. Narodnaya Volya , The People’s Will was a Russian left-wing terrorist organization, best known for the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia Assassination of the Tsar

18. Narodnaya Volya prepared seven assassination attempts on the life of Tsar Alexander II (until they finally killed him), and later on that of Alexander III. • Its terror frightened the government and persuaded it to make a few concessions. • However, the regime soon realized that the people would not rise up in support of the revolutionaries, and this encouraged the Russian government to counterattack. Assassination of the Tsar

19. In 1879–1883, there were more than 70 trials of N.V.’s members with about 2,000 people brought to trial. • Narodnaya Volya's members were imprisoned or exiled. • This was the end of the organization. • The great irony of the Narodnaya Volya is that their aim was to save Russia from the autocracy, yet their assassination of Alexander II on March 1st 1881 perpetuated autocratic oppression ,as Alexander III would take no chances with reform or with liberal ideas. Assassination of the Tsar

20. Name: • The name combines the Greek word for "circle," κύκλος, with "clan." It was invented by its founders. • Founded in: • 1865 The first KKK was founded in 1865 as a charitable organization to help widows and orphans. • It turned to violence in 1870 and was dismantled in 1871 by law. A second organization by the same name was founded in 1915 and yet a third incarnation surfaced during World War II. Ku Klux Klan

21. Notable Attacks: • 1964: three civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, were ambushed and shot to death with the assistance of the local police, in Meridien Mississippi. • 1963: Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Four girls were killed in the bombing. The bombing helped prompt President Johnson to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • 1963: Assassination of NAACP organizer Medgar Evers Ku Klux Klan

22. Terrorism and the State

23. State Terrorism • State-sponsored terrorism is a term used to describe terrorism sponsored by nation-states. • As with terrorism, the precise definition, and the identification of particular examples, are subjects of heated political dispute.

25. In general state-sponsored terrorism is associated with paramilitary. It is also frequently used in conjunction with state terrorism, which is (an accusation of) terrorism committed by governments. State Terrorism

26. Manifested itself long before the outbreak of World War I in 1914. • Not a new phenomenon • Examples • Serbian government • Bulgarian government • Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Stalinist Russia Origin of State Terrorism

27. Serbian Government were involved in supporting, training and arming various Balkan groups • These groups were active prior to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand Serbian Government

28. Bulgarion Government • The IMRO (Macedonian Revolutionary Organization) survived because it became for all intents and purposes, a tool of the Bulgarian government. • It was mainly used against Yugoslavia as well as against domestic enemies

29. Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Stalinist Russia • Nazi and Fascist abuses of power re-established the association between state-sponsored violence and terrorism in the 1930s. • Following World War II, terrorism became a largely anti-government activity, when anti-colonial nationalist movements used terrorist tactics to overthrow colonial rule. • These movements used positive terminology to describe themselves as freedom fighters, revolutionaries, and liberators.

30. Allied strategic bombing campagins of World War II • American dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Other forms of state terrorism

31. State-sponsored terrorism is used as a tool of the government • Used against enemies or to control people in a state. • Tactic of instilling fear, similar to modern terrorism Conclusion

32. Terrorism since WW2

33. Terrorism has moved from targeting E urope to other continents • They conducted guerilla warfares and mainly target at larger bodies e.g. Kuo M in Tang • Terrorists learns the publicity value in terrorism • they exploited this publicity to gain the worlds attention 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 6 0

34. Terrorist groups not only included nationalists but also included those who are motivated by ethnic and ideological considerations • These new groups adopted methods to allow great publicity of their goals and accomplishments • one such method is hijacking. Example:Black semptember where they killed 11 athletes 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 0

35. State sponsored terrorism re-emerged. • Countries provide training and funds for terrorist groups to attack other countries • For example, Iran, she has used terrorism to spread its ideals beyond its borders • It has spread to countries like Japan and America 1 9 7 0 -2 0 0 0

36. Technology • The Internet is widely used to spread propaganda and even garner new recruits for terrorist organizations through web sites and blogs.  • Cyber terrorism techniques is to obtain the necessary funding to support terrorist campaigns.  • Weapons of mass destruction in the mid twentieth century creates a high level threat to the world due to the inclination to cause massive destruction and life loss • Cell phones, email, satellite com links, television, Internet, and other channels of communication have allowed for terrorist organizations to plan and execute in a much more organized and rapid manner.  Contemporary terrorism

37. Globalization • globalization has created a complex, interconnected and interdependent world. • This means that war against terrorism should be a task of the world society • But even today the international community does not agree in a common definition of terrorism • Countries are reluctant to leave this issue in the International Court of Justice because it is considered a matter of national sovereignty despite international cooperation on terrorism. • They are also concerned with different forms of terrorism, and are only willing to divert their resources to fight those forms that will affect them, e.g. the IRA in Ireland vs. al Qaeda in America. • Terrorism takes advantage of current uncertainty to attack either a place where they can cause a high number of dead or symbolic places. Contemporary terrorism