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Learn about the origin and evolution of birds, including their unique characteristics, similarities to dinosaurs, and the adaptations they have for flight. This presentation also covers the structure of feathers, the avian skeleton and muscles, and the respiratory system of birds.

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  1. How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

  2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

  3. Chapter 42 Birds Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification

  4. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Objectives • Identifyand describe seven major characteristics of birds. • Listthree similarities between birds and dinosaurs. • Describethe characteristics of Archaeopteryx. • Summarizethe two main hypotheses for the evolution of flight.

  5. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Characteristics There are seven characteristics all birds share • Feathers • Wings • Lightweight, rigid skeleton • Endothermic metabolism • Unique respiratory system • Beak • Oviparity

  6. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Characteristics of Birds

  7. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Evolution There are several similarities between birds and some dinosaurs: • Flexible S-shaped neck • Unique ankle joint • Hollow bones

  8. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Evolution, continued The oldest known bird fossils are in the genus Archaeopteryx, which date from the late Jurassic Characteristics of Archaeopteryx • Feathers on forelimbs, body and tail • Hollow bones and a furcula (fused collarbones also called a wishbone) • Teeth • Claws on forelimbs • Long, bony tail

  9. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Evolution, continued Archaeopteryx had characteristics of birds and dinosaurs.

  10. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Evolution, continued Origin of Flight • One hypothesis proposes that the ancestors of birds were tree dwellers that developed the ability to glide between trees. • Another hypothesis suggests that the ancestors of birds were ground-dwelling and first used feathers to stabilize them when they leapt after prey.

  11. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Phylogenetic Diagram of Birds, Reptiles, and Mammals

  12. Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Chapter 42 Adaptations for Flight

  13. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Objectives • Describethe structure of a contour feather. • Identifytwo modifications for flight seen in a bird’s skeletal system. • Contrastthe function of the gizzard with that of the crop. • Tracethe movement of air through the respiratory system of a bird. • Explainthe differences between altricial and precocial young.

  14. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Characteristics of Birds

  15. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Feathers Feathers are modified scales that serve two primary functions: providing lift for flight and conserving body heat. • Feathers develop from tiny pits in the skin called follicles. • Feathers have a shaft, two vanes, barbs and barbules.

  16. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Feathers, continued There are three basic types of feathers: • Down feathers - soft, fluffy feathers that cover young birds and provide an insulating undercoat in adults • Contour feathers - smooth feathers that give adult birds’ bodies a streamlined shape and provide insulation • Flight feathers - specialized contour feathers located on the wings and tail that are long and rigid

  17. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Feathers, continued Feathers are cared for by a process called preening. • Preening occurs when birds use their beaks to rub their feathers with oil. • The preen gland is located at the base of the tail and secretes oils that keep feathers healthy and waterproof. • Birds periodically shed and regrow their feathers in a process called molting.

  18. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Contour Feather Structure

  19. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Parts of a Feather

  20. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Preening

  21. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 External Structure of Birds—Bald Eagle

  22. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Skeleton and Muscles • The avian skeleton is light and strong. • Bones are thin and hollow. • Many bones are fused, which makes the skeleton more rigid than that of a reptile or mammal. • A large keel-shaped sternum allows attachment of large flight muscles. • The pygostyle, fused terminal vertebrae, supports the tail feathers.

  23. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Avian Skeleton

  24. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Skeleton and Muscles, continued • Flight involves complex wing movements. Each movement uses a different set of muscles. • Birds have large, powerful flight muscles in the breast and wings. • In some birds, flight muscles account for up to 50% of the body weight.

  25. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Metabolism • Birds are endothermic. • Birds have a very high metabolic rate. • Rapid breathing and digestion of large quantities of food support this high metabolic rate. • Birds’ digestive and respiratory systems have evolved to support a high metabolism.

  26. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Digestive and Excretory Systems The avian digestive system consists of: • Beak - breaks open or tears apart food • Esophagus - passage from the mouth to the crop • Crop - stores and moistens food • Stomach - consists of two parts • proventriculus - acids and digestive enzymes begin breaking down food • gizzard - kneads and crushes food aided by stones which the bird swallows • Small intestine - absorbs nutrients • Large intestine - absorbs water • Cloaca - eliminates wastes from the body

  27. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Bird Digestive System

  28. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Digestive and Excretory Systems, continued The avian excretory system is efficient and lightweight. • Birds have two kidneys that filter nitrogenous wastes. • Birds do not have a urinary bladder. • Birds excrete concentrated uric acid, which conserves water. • Uric acid mixes with feces and is excreted through the cloaca.

  29. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Respiratory System • The avian respiratory system is highly efficient and allows birds to maintain a high metabolic rate. • Air sacs connected to the lungs provide a constant flow of oxygenated air to the lungs. • This also allows birds to function at high altitudes.

  30. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Avian Lung Structure

  31. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Bird Lungs

  32. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Circulatory System The avian circulatory system is similar to that of both crocodiles and mammals. • Birds have a four chambered heart. • Deoxygenated blood is completely separated from oxygenated blood in the heart. • Birds have a relatively rapid heartbeat. • Unlike mammals, avian red blood cells have nuclei.

  33. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Avian Heart Structure

  34. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Bird Heart

  35. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Nervous System and Sense Organs • Birds have large brains relative to their body size. • The cerebellum, which controls flight related functions, is large. • The cerebrum, which controls complex behavior, is also well developed. • The optic lobes are also very large.

  36. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Parts of a Bird Brain

  37. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Nervous System and Sense Organs, continued Birds have very good vision. • Vision is important for flight and feeding. • Most birds have strong color vision. • Some birds have eyes located near the sides of the head, which provide a wide field of vision. • Predatory birds have eyes that are more forward-facing, which provides depth perception.

  38. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Nervous System and Sense Organs, continued Birds have good hearing. • Hearing is important for songbirds and nocturnal birds. • Nocturnal predators rely on hearing to locate prey. • Birds lack external ears. • Owls have feathers around their ear openings that direct sound into the ear.

  39. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Reproduction Male: • Sperm is produced in two testes, located anterior to the kidneys. • Sperm passes through small tubes called vasa deferentia (singular vas deferens). • Sperm exits through the cloaca.

  40. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Reproduction, continued Female: • Eggs are produced in a single ovary, located on the left side of the body. • Eggs are released by the ovary and pass into a funnel shaped tube called the oviduct. • Eggs are fertilized in the oviduct. • In the oviduct, eggs are encased in a protective covering and a shell. • Eggs are released through the cloaca.

  41. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Reproduction, continued Nest building and parental care • Birds usually lay their eggs in a nest. • One or both parents warm (incubate) the eggs and guard the nest. • Birds sit on their eggs and cover them with a thickened featherless patch of skin called the brood patch. • Birds usually provide extensive parental care.

  42. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Reproduction, continued Birds have two general patterns for rearing young • Precocial: Young incubate for long periods. Young can walk, swim, and feed as soon as they hatch. This pattern is most often seen in ground-nesting birds. • Altricial: Eggs hatch quickly. Young hatch blind, featherless, and helpless and require extensive parental care. This pattern is most often seen in birds that nest above ground.

  43. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Internal Structure of Birds—Bald Eagle

  44. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Anatomy of a Bird

  45. Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Chapter 42 Migration Migration is the seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another habitat. • Many birds nest in temperate regions, and spend winters in tropical regions. • Bird migration patterns are studied by ornithologists - biologists who study birds. • Birds may use landmarks, star position, sun position, Earth’s magnetic field, changes in air pressure, or low-frequency sounds to navigate during migration. • Many species rely on fat reserves for energy during migration. Some species gather and feed along the migration route at places called staging sites.

  46. Section 3 Classification Chapter 42 Objectives • Describethe relationship between beak shape and diet in birds. • List10 major orders of living birds, and name an example of each order. • Describethe function of the syrinx.

  47. Section 3 Classification Chapter 42 Diversity Beak and foot adaptation reveal information about a bird’s habitat and diet, for example: • Predators: powerful, hooked beaks and sharp talons (claws) • Seed eaters: strong wide beaks, small feet for perching • Nectar feeders: long thin beaks • Flightless birds: strong legs for walking and running

  48. Section 3 Classification Chapter 42 Avian Adaptations Type of Bird Beak Adaptations Foot Adaptations Type of Bird Beak Adaptations Foot Adaptations Songbirds (e.g., cardinal, robin) Seed-cracking: Short, thick, strong beak Perching: Toes can cling to branches; one toe points backwards Long-legged waders Fishing: Long, slender, spear-shaped beak for fishing Wading: Long legs; toes spread out over a large area to support bird on soft surfaces Insect-catching: Long, slender beak for probing Hummingbirds Probing: Thin, slightly curved beak for inserting into flowers to sip nectar Hovering: Legs so small the bird cannot walk on the ground; tiny feet Wood peckers Drilling: Strong, chisel-like beak Grasping: Feet with two toes pointing forward and two pointing backward Birds of prey Tearing: Curved, pointed beak for tearing apart prey Grasping: Powerful, curved talons for seizing and gripping prey Parrots Cracking, tearing: Short, stout, hooked beak used to crack seeds and nuts and to tear vegetation Climbing/grasping: Strong toes, two pointing forward, two pointing backward; adapted for perching, climbing, and holding food. Ducks Sieving: Long, flattened, rounded bill Swimming: Three toes linked by webs for improved swimming

  49. Section 3 Classification Chapter 42 Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity

  50. Section 3 Classification Chapter 42 Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity

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