1 / 23

The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS

The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS. Scott Woodruff , NOAA/ESRL Richard W. Reynolds, NOAA/NCDC Elizabeth C. Kent, UK NOCS Steven J. Worley, NCAR. Dec 1942. “Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years” Gwatt, Switzerland, 24-26 July 2006. Aim.

wilmer
Download Presentation

The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Evolving Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Record from ICOADS Scott Woodruff, NOAA/ESRL Richard W. Reynolds, NOAA/NCDC Elizabeth C. Kent, UK NOCS Steven J. Worley, NCAR Dec 1942 “Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years” Gwatt, Switzerland, 24-26 July 2006

  2. Aim • Review current status and future challenges of global SST data • Focus: in situ & 20th Century Outline • Evolution of… • SST observing system • ICOADS (SST plus other variables) • product development • Future directions

  3. Evolving…SSTobserving sys • Brussels 1853 Maritime Conf. • Voluntary Observing Ships • Buoys & other automated Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS): 1970s • Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission • Formed: 1999

  4. Recent SST Adequacy:GCOS Essential Climate Variable (ECV) WCRP WGASF: net heat flux to 10W/m2 per 5 box • Best observed ECV • Only ECV to have improved in data quality since 1980’s • Highly complex data mixture, even recently

  5. Historical SST Sources [Bucket photos courtesy of David Parker, Met Office]

  6. Modern SST sources Not in ICOADS - GHRSST Pilot Project: for satellite SST

  7. Observing System (OS) ChangesSST per 2 box per month 45% of possible 2° boxes have 5 samples/month in the 70-80’s Decreasing low counts due to reduced ships observations Increasing high counts due to high frequency sampling from buoys

  8. OS changes: % at UTC obs time US GMN obs 6-hrly ships > buoy reports

  9. Evolving…ICOADS International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set • Cooperative NOAA-NCAR project - Releases: • 1: 1854-1979 (done 1985) • 2.3: 1784-2005 (done 2006) • SST plus other variables • Delayed-mode (DM) data • Ship & ocean profile temps. (≤ 3m): thru 1997 • Buoys: thru 2004 • Real-time (GTS) only: for 2005

  10. SST obs per 2 box per decade 1900-09 1920-29 1940-49 1960-69 by R2.3 (2006) 1980-89 2000-05 R1 (1985) R2 (2002)

  11. Platform Mix: 1936-2005 > GTS drifter reports consolidated in DM

  12. VOS Metadata Blend:WMO Pub. 47 (~annual) Declining VOS… Reports with metadata [With Liz Kent & Dave Berry, UK NOCS]

  13. Benefits from DM Data and Metadata:SST method indicator Potential usage in bias adjustments to help improve the long-term climate change record

  14. Evolving…SST Product Development • ICOADS monthly summaries (2/1 - unanalyzed) • No bias adj. (Worley et al., Woodruff et al., 2005) • Blended satellite + in situ, e.g.: • NOAA OI.v2 (Reynolds et al., 2002) (new Oct ‘06) • Historical reconstructions, e.g.: • NOAA ERSST.v2 (Smith & Reynolds, 2004) • HadISST1.1, HadSST2 (Rayner et al., 2003, 2005) • Kaplan et al. (1998), Ishii et al. (2005), etc.

  15. SST: Dec 1942 ICOADS HadISST ERSST

  16. 90N Nighttime Zonal Bias: AVHRR - HadSST2 AVHRR Pathfinder: Reanalysis: w/ residual problems 90S '82 '05 90N AVHRR Operational: seasonal cycle of biases in mid latitudes 90S In situ data remain vital for bias-adjusting the satellite data (including GHRSST-PP)

  17. Future Directions • Digitization & blending of new data/metadata • Improved QC and bias adjustments • Availability of other ECVs in ICOADS to validate SST (e.g., AT) • Improved climate-quality analyses • Accelerating international SST efforts

  18. Digitize & Blend New Data

  19. SST Bias Example:Bucket vs. Intake SST Historical Metadata are Critical • VOS: back to 1955 (blended for 1973-) • ODAS metadata: fragmented/missing • New JCOMM/China meta-database

  20. Recent SST Biases: Ship and Buoy Differences • Buoy SST colder than ship (mixed sensors) • More buoys later: increasing bias • Southern Oceans: drifting buoys • Tropics: + TAO • OI.v2 similar to ship+buoy

  21. META-T Pilot Project • JCOMM Workshop to establish a Pilot Project for the collection of real-time (RT) metadata re SST and temperature profiles (March 2006, UK) • Goals: • Facilitate use of ocean temp. data • Harmonize ocean & met-ocean practices • Seeking agreed formats & practices

  22. Conclusions SST Observing System: high level of heterogeneity ICOADS: widely used, but declining NOAA budgets Product developments: ICOADS is critical foundation Future: More data, bias adj., climate-quality analyses International efforts: GHRSST-PP, META-T, etc. CLIMAR-III: 3rd JCOMM Workshop on Advances in Marine ClimatologyPlanned for Early 2008

  23. Links and References icoads.noaa.gov ioc.unesco.org/jcomm/ www.ghrsst-pp.org • Ishii, M., A. Shouji, S. Sugimoto, and T. Matsumoto, 2005: Objective analyses of sea-surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection. Int. J. Climatol. (CLIMAR-II Special Issue), 25, 865-879 (DOI: 10.1002/joc.1169). • Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A.C. Clement, M.B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analysis of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 103(C9), 18567-18589. • Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, D.P. Rowell, E.C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670. • Rayner, N.A., P. Brohan, D.E. Parker, C.K. Folland, J.J. Kennedy, M. Vanicek, T.J. Ansell, and S.F.B. Tett, 2006: Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: The HadSST2 dataset. J. Climate, 19, 446-469. • Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625. • Smith, T.M., and R.W. Reynolds, 2004: Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854-1997). J. Climate, 17, 2466-2477. • Woodruff, S.D., H.F. Diaz, S.J. Worley, R.W. Reynolds, and S.J. Lubker, 2005: Early ship observational data and ICOADS. Climatic Change, 73, 169-194. • Worley, S.J., S.D. Woodruff, R.W. Reynolds, S.J. Lubker, and N. Lott, 2005: ICOADS Release 2.1 data and products. Int. J. Climatol. (CLIMAR-II Special Issue), 25, 823-842 (DOI: 10.1002/joc.1166).

More Related